F. M. CAMPBELL-ON INSTINCT. 
125 
terrier, Newfoundland, and retriever, are very different. Even if 
the term “race ” or “ variety” be substituted for “species,” there 
is no evidence that every individual of a particular race exhibits the 
characteristic instinct to the same degree, or, indeed, at all. Some 
pointers fall in at once with the habit which distinguishes pointers, 
while others are so difficult to train that the effort is abandoned. 
The preceding observations as to the use of the word “ Instinct ” 
may be summed up as follows, viz. that it is impossible for an 
observer to designate with accuracy any particular action of an 
animal as reflex, or instinctive, or intelligent. At the same time it 
will be admitted that when an individual shows that it has profited by 
experience, it may justly be said to have acted intelligently. The 
term ‘ 1 Instinct ’ ’ has however been generally employed by naturalists 
without any psychological distinction to express actions which are 
common to a species, and their so doing has in no case led to 
confusion. Eor this reason, although the limitation is by no means 
accurate, it is best to retain the term. But it is very advisable 
that naturalists should know the meaning attached to “ Instinct ” 
by psychologists, and for that reason I give the following analysis, 
wherein I have endeavoured to express the view of Romanes, or at 
any rate my own. 
I. Unaccompanied by mental activity—Reflex action. 
II. Accompanied by mental activity— 
(1) Common to the species—Instinct. 
(2) Peculiar to the individual—Intelligence. 
Certain adaptations occurring in the vegetable kingdom, if we 
could believe them to be accompanied by consciousness, differ in no 
material degree from instinct in animals. The tree which survives 
the change of direction of its source of nourishment, according as 
its leaves become more abundant in an open space, and fewer on 
the side which is more confined, or the bud which gives either 
roots or leaves, or the oat-like grass (. Arrhenatherum avenaceum ) 
with its fibrous roots in damp places and its tubers in dry soils, 
may be taken as illustrations of my meaning. The protoplasmic 
amoeba, which may be said to be but the common elementary basis 
of organic bodies, and is in appearance but a particle of mobile 
jelly, avoids objects, selects its food, and is capable of both auto¬ 
matic and excited movements, which are due to the discharge of 
protoplasmic energy. Nor is vegetative adjustment confined to 
plants. There is its physiological counterpart in animals. As we 
approach higher organisms, we cannot fail to notice processes so 
similar to adaptive action that it is difficult to ignore the funda¬ 
mental relation between them. Thus, for instance, if a limb be 
broken and be badly set, so that two of its portions form an angle, 
the “ vis medicatrix naturse ” not only joins the fracture, but places 
a bone in the angle, just as a carpenter would do with two pieces 
of wood in the same position, or as a sempstress would make a 
gusset in a garment to strengthen it. We may call these remedial 
phenomena the result of inflammation, but the fact remains. To 
carry the thought further, we will take the following case. The 
