142 
E. M. CAMPBELL-ON INSTINCT. 
•with, some individuals when frightened. Many ladies perform an 
analogous action when they clasp their dress close on hearing that 
there is a cockroach in the room. A stick at the entrance to a bee¬ 
hive will cause a bee hurrying home to trip, just as it would if 
placed in a merchant’s hall on his return from the City. We 
even see in the modulations of the various sounds of animals— 
betokening as they do different emotions, and understood as they 
are by each other—a primitive language, which under emotional 
excitement so resembles that of human beings in pitch and note 
that we are enabled to realise the related psychical conditions. 
The actions of animals, whether regarded as reflex, instinctive, 
or intelligent, are no recondite phenomena incapable of investigation, 
and we may be sure that new biological and physiological facts, 
when regarded by the light of the laws of inheritance and natural 
selection, will elucidate the development of many habits on which 
at present we can only theorise. Nature has no paradoxes. They 
arise from man’s ignorance of facts, or from his defective power of 
generalisation. 
