CHAPTEB III. 
MAKING AND LAYING SUBMARINE CABLES. 
Construction of Cables—Choice of Route—Causes of Deterioration—Repairs — 
Taking up. 
Since 1857, the time when the first cable between Dover 
and Calais was got to work regularly, marine telegraphy has 
made a vast progress. At least half a dozen cables cross the 
Fig. 87—Mr. (now Sir) John Pender, Chairman of the Eastern Telegraph 
Company. 
Atlantic ocean, and even the Pacific has now been traversed, so 
that the telegraph encircles the globe. 
English enterprise and English capital have accomplished 
