MAKING AND LAYING SUBMARINE CABLES. 179 
pass over the pulley slipping out when the angle between the 
part of the cable within the vessel and the part without is too 
great. This wheel is called the fore-pulley. 
The taking-up machine represented in fig. 116 is one of a type 
formerly (1858) much used, but now superseded by others of a 
different arrangement, in which, however, the action is the 
same. The machine is fixed to the fore-part of the vessel, and 
is driven by a steam-engine of from 10 to 20 horse-power. It 
consists of a windlass with a large cast-iron drum of from 6 to 
8 feet in diameter and from 8 to 14 inches wide, with three 
high projections dividing the surface into two parts, one of 
which, about one-fourth of the whole in width, serves to receive 
the hoop of a brake, whilst the other has 3, 4 or 5 turns of the 
Fig. 116. 
cable to be raised passed round it. The windlass is carried by 
an axle 7 inches in diameter, which carries a toothed wheel 
that engages others connected with a pulley driven by the 
engine. Sometimes the large toothed wheel is separate from 
the drum, sometimes it is bolted to it, and sometimes the teeth 
are cast on the inner or outer surface of the drum. The latter 
is the case represented in our figure, which shows the machine 
fitted up by Mr. Webb on board The Monarch. The axle of 
the drum often turns on supports both of which are on the 
inner side of the drum, so that the turns of the cable can be 
wound or unwound without passing the end of the cable 
through, or cutting it, and this is a great advantage. In some 
cases the drum is provided with a pawl that can be thrown in 
or out of gear as required. 
The lines of buoys and of grapnels, chains and cables to be 
raised, are passed over the fore-pulley, and then make three or 
four turns round the drum, which is put in motion to draw in 
