64 
Dicotyledons with Gamopetolous Flowers — Composite?. 
feathered hairs as in Plume Thistles ( Cnicus); or of short stiff bristles as in Burdock (Arctium); or of 2 or 3 bristles 
only, rough with reflexed points, as in Bur-marigold (Biclens). 
USES, See.—Composite of the Sub-order Tubuliflorae generally abound in an aromatic and bitter principle, 
well exemplified in Wormwood (Artemisia) and Chamomile (Anthemis). 
Liguliflorae are characterised by a bitter, often narcotic, milky juice as in Dandelion and Lettuce (Lactudti). 
Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), a species of Tropical American origin, is cultivated for its esculent 
tubers, which contain a substance chemically allied to starch (inuline) and sugar. Artichokes are the fleshy 
receptacle and surrounding scales of the large capitula of Cynara Scolymus; Cardoons, the blanched leaves of 
another South European plant of the same genus (C. Cardunculus ), of which indeed the Artichoke may be but a 
cultivated variety. Chicory is the dried and roasted root of Gichorium Intybus , cultivated in Northern Europe to 
mix with or to substitute coffee. Dandelion-root (Taraxacum officinale) is a popular rustic medicine. Safflower, the 
dried flowers of Garthamus tinctorius , affords a good rose-coloured or orange dye. 
To Tubuliflorse belong, of ornamental garden flowers, the Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis ), introduced from Mexico, 
and Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum inclicum), in both of which, under cultivation, the florets of the disk assume 
the form of those of the ray; Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ), from America ; several Senecios and “ Cinerarias,” 
the latter garden varieties of one or two species of Senecio introduced from the Canary Islands ; Everlastings 
(Helichrysum), and the closely allied Cape Aplielexis of greenhouses, with rose-tipped involucral scales; Common 
Marigold (Calendula) of South Europe, and French and African Marigolds (Peruvian species of Tagetes); Zinnia , 
Coreopsis , Aster , Golden-rods ( Soliclago ), Ilumea , Ageratum, several Centaureas , and many others. 
Labiatiflorae include many very ornamental species, as Barnadesia and the Mutisias , occasionally seen in our 
plant-houses : but few are in general cultivation. 
Liguliflorse afford but few ornamental flowers. A large proportion bear yellow flower-heads, and these often 
v close early in the day. Catananche ccerulea of Southern Europe, with blue florets and silvery, dry, membranous, 
involucral scales, is one of the few species grown in our borders. 
