Dicotyledons with Incomplete Flowers—Cupulifera . 105 
Fruit in Hazel or Filbert a nut sheathed by the accrescent bracts of the involucre, with obscure traces of the 
minute limb of the perianth around the apex. Embryo with thick fleshy plano-convex cotyledons. 
USES, &c.—Common Hazel is the parent form of the several varieties affording Filberts and Cob-nuts. The 
best British Filberts are grown in Kent; our foreign supply is chiefly from Spain. The flexible rod-like branches 
are used for hoops of casks, fishing-rods, and walking-sticks. 
V. GENUS HORNBEAM ( Carpinus ).—Including very few species, confined to the North 
Temperate zone. Common Hornbean (C, Betulus ) is probably indigenous in the eastern counties of 
England. It ranges south-eastward to the Caucasus. 
Diagnosis of the Genus. —Fruits in loose pendulous catkins, singly subtended by 3-lobed open 
involucralbracts arranged in pairs in the axil of early deciduous scales. Staminate flowers in the axil of 
the minute scales of the catkins, of about 12 stamens with forked filaments. Fruit a small longitudinally- 
ribbed nut crowned by the toothed limb of the perianth, and sheathed by .the accrescent leafy 3-lobed 
bract, the median lobe much longer than the lateral ones. 
USES, &c.—Hornbeam is frequently planted as an ornamental tree. It is characterised by slender and graceful 
up-curved ultimate ramification. The wood is tough, and employed by wheelwrights. 
VI. GENUS HOP-HORNBEAM ( Ostrya ).—Including but two species, one American, the 
other South European, extending into Asia Minor. 
Diagnosis of the Genus. —Fruits in catkins, singly inclosed within an accrescent oblong involucral 
bract entirely closed excepting at the apex, arranged in pairs in the axil of early deciduous scales. 
Staminate flowers with distinct anther-cells as in Hornbeam. Fruit smooth. 
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