Dicotyledons with Incomplete Flowers—Coni fence. 
109 
OVULES in pairs, inverted, at the base of concave, imbricating, spicate scales, inserted in the axil of small, often- 
concealed bracts in Pines: in pairs, erect, at the base of capitate scales in Arbor-vitae, or similarly arranged but 
numerous in the axil of each scale in Cypress, or 3 at the base of as many connate scales in Juniper, or solitary and 
erect in Yew. 
Fruit collective ; in cones with thickened, woody, persistent scales as in Scotch Fir, or thin persistent scales as 
in Larch and Spruce, or scales deciduous as in Silver Fir; or in globose heads of woody peltate scales as in Cypress; 
scales connate, at length fleshy and berry-like (cjalbulus) in Juniper : or fruit simple , sheathed by a succulent disk in 
Yew and Maiden-hair Tree. 
Seed albuminous ; winged in Pine. 
Embryo frequently with numerous whorled cotyledons (or cotyledons 2, each deeply divided into several narrow 
segments) as in Pine and allied genera. 
USES, &c. — Conifers owe their principal economic importance to the great number of valuable timber trees 
which the Order includes, and to their varied resinous products. 
Of Timber Trees the more Important are :—Norway Spruce (Abies excelsd), affording the white deal, 
and Scotch Fir ( Pinus sylvestris), the yellow deal of carpenters. Both species grow socially, forming immense 
forests in Northern Europe. Scotch Fir is the only Pine still indigenous in Britain. Silver Fir (Picea pectinata) of 
Central Europe. Weymouth Pine ( Pinus Strobus) the White Pine of the United States, and Larch ( Larix 
europcea ) of Central Europe. The soft fragrant wood of a North American Juniper ( Juniperus virginiana) is 
used, under the name of Cedar, in pencil-making and the lining of cabinet-work. The wood of true Cedar ( Geclrus 
Libctni) is difficult to obtain in quantity, and of little present importance for purposes of construction, though 
formerly, when the tree had a wider range in Northern Syria, it would appear to have been in great request. The 
timber of the Himalayan Deodar (a variety of the Cedar), like that of Cypress, is said to be exceedingly durable. 
The wood of Yew was formerly in great request for bows. 
