I IO 
Dicotyledons with Incomplete Flowers — Coniferce . 
Of Resinous Products Afforded by Conifers we have •—Tar, obtained chiefly in the Baltic provinces 
of Europe by dry distillation from the wood of Scotch Fir. Turpentine, collected as an exudation from wounds 
made in the trunk of Pinus f palustris in the United States. Common rosin, the residuum after distillation of oil of 
turpentine. Venice turpentine, obtained from the Larch ; Strasbourg turpentine from the Silver Fir ; Canada balsam 
from blisters in the bark of Abies balsamea and A. Fraseri of North America ; Burgundy pitch from the Spruce 
Fir ; Dammar or Kauri resin from Dammara australis of New Zealand. 
The seeds of Stone Pine (Pinus Pinea) of South Europe, P. Gembra in Northern Asia, and Maiden-hair Tree 
in Japan, are edible; as are those of the Bunya-Bunya (Araucaria Bidwillii ) of Australia, used as food by the 
aborigines. 
Juniper-berries, the fruit of Common Juniper, are used in the manufacture of gin : the allied Savin (Juniperus 
Sabina), characterised by the peculiar odour of its volatile oil, is medicinal. 
Agreeing with Coniferas in the remarkable and very exceptional character of gymnospermy, that is in having 
the ovules borne upon an open scale and fertilised by direct contact of the pollen, is the small exotic Natural Order 
CYCADEiE. The species of this group resemble the pinnate-leaved palms in habit, the trunk being usually unbranched 
and terminating in a crown of pinnate, often rigid or spinose fronds. From the trunk of a few species a coarse sago 
is obtained, and from the nuts of Cycas circinalis a similar farina, much used by the poorer natives in Ceylon and 
Western India. Most of the species are natives of Mexico, the Cape of Good Hope and Tropical Asia. None 
are now indigenous in Europe, though their fossil remains occur in the South of England in the lower 
greensand. 
