NORTH AMERICAN LATER TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY BRYOZOA. 
75 
sub trifoliate; the mural rim is thin, little, salient; the cryptocyst is little deep, 
large, fiat. The spinous processes are very fragile and are distributed into five 
principal bundles; the lower bundle is salient and placed without symmetry on the 
proximal border of the opesium. 
Measurements. —0 pesi a 
ho = 0.24 mm. 
lo = 0.16-0.20 mm. 
Zooecia' 
\Lz — 0.30 mm. 
lz = 0.24-0. 30 mm. 
Afiinities. —The walls of this species are very fragile and are easily worn; the 
zooecia are then scarcely distinct, and certain zooecia bear tubercles at the angles. 
This species is quite close to Hemiseptella denticulata Smitt, 1872, which also 
presents tubercles. It differs from it in its less deep cryptocyst and in the incon¬ 
stancy of the tubercles. However, we possess no specimen of this species and our 
comparisons are made only from the figures. It differs from Hemiseptella granulata 
in the absence of granules on the mural rim and in its subtrifoliate opesium. 
Occurrence. —Pliocene (Waccamaw marl): Waccamaw River, Horry County, 
South Carolina (rare). 
Cotypes. —Cat. No. 68496, U.S.N.M. 
Genus CUPULARIA Lamouroux, 1821. 
1821. Cupularia Lamouroux, Exposition methodique des genres de 1’ordre des Polypiers, p. 44. 
The zoarium is a more or less expanded cup; it is provided• with a special 
hydrostatic system accompanied by vibracula. The opesium is fringed with spinous 
processes which are flat, free, or joined together; the two distal processes are sym¬ 
metrically placed and serve as support to the opercular valve. The two distal 
opesiules are always rounded. No ovicell. Vestibular arch present. 
Genotype.—Cupularia umbellata Defrance, 1823. Range: Miocene-Recent. 
Afiinities. —The genus Cupularia is identical in its frontal with the genus 
Hemiseptella Levinsen, 1909. It differs from it in its cup-shaped zoarial form, 
in the presence of vibracula, the flat form of the spinous processes, and in the union 
of the latter. 
Cupularia lives like Lunularia, of which we have explained the hydrostatic 
zoarial mechanism. (See North American Early Tertiary Bryozoa, p. 238). The 
cellular or external face is the inferior face; the noncellular or internal face is the 
superior face. The ancestrular zooecia are often calcified, indeed only the opercu¬ 
lar valve may be visible there; these are the hydrostatic zooecia (aborted of 
D’Orbigny); they are never radicular as in the genus Lunularia. The larvae 
probably develop in an oral sac, as in the genus Diplodidymia Ruess, 1869. 
The union of the spines is not a generic character. In fact it may be accidental 
(as in Cupularia denticulata), partial ( C. reussiana), almost complete (C. umbellata). 
This union of the spinous processes forms a cryptocyst. 
Smitt, 1872, recognized that this genus ought to be classed in the Microporidae. 
This was correct, as the opesiules or opesiular slits are always clearly visible. In 
order to show the character of the genus in more detail we have introduced descrip¬ 
tions of a few European species. 
