NORTH AMERICAN LATER TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY BRYOZOA. 79 
1900. Cupularia reussiana Neviani, Briozoi Terziari della Toscana, Bollettino Soci&td geologica 
italiana, vol. 19, p. 19 (sep.). 
1913. Cupularia reussiana Canu, Contributions a l’Etude des Bryozoaires fossiles: IV. Pliocene 
d’Alger, Bulletin Soci6t6 Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 13, p. 126. 
1913. Cupularia haidingeri Canu, Bulletin Societd Gdologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 13, p. 128. 
Historical. —Manzoni’s figures of 1869 are exact, although the zoarium is much 
less conical and almost cupuliform. As the figure of the cellular face has served 
for the determination by Seguenza, Canu, and Neviani we can hold as exact the 
synonymy given, moreover partially verified by Canu. 
Variations. —The apertural arch is constant; it forms with the two wide, 
lateral opesiular indentations a trifoliate opesium. The inferior spinous processes 
are partially united and separated at their base by three large pores which are per¬ 
haps secondary opesiules. This character is specific. The vestibular arch is very 
large; the internal face is covered with large tuberosities. 
Affinities. —All the authors, on the authority of Smitt, have confused this 
species with Cupularia doma D’Orbigny, 1851, the examination of the zoarial form 
having been judged sufficient. It differs much from it in its cupuliform zoarium 
(and not very conical) and in the union of the spinous processes occasioning the 
formation of three large frontal pores. 
This species differs from Cupularia umbellata Defrance, 1823, in the presence 
of three frontal pores only, and in its opesiules not separated from the apertura and 
reduced to the state of indentations. 
Geological distribution. —Tortonian of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani); Zanclean of 
Italy (Seguenza); Plaisancian of Italy (Neviani); Astian of France and Italy (Canu); 
Sicilian of Italy (Waters, Seguenza). 
This species has not yet been found in the Mediterranean dredgings carried out 
by Canu. Waters did mention it at Naples. 
CUPULARIA DENTICULATA Conrad, 1841. 
Plate 15, figs. 6-10. 
1841. Lunulites denticulata Conrad (in Hodge), Observations on the Secondary and Tertiary forma¬ 
tions of*the southern Atlantic States, American Journal Science and Arts, ser. 1, vol. 41, p. 348. 
1845. Lunulites denticulata Lonsdale, Report on the Corals from the Tertiary formations of North 
America, Quarterly Journal Geological Society, London, vol. 1, p. 503. 
1857. Lunulites denticulata Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina, p. 11, pi. 4, 
figs. 1-5. 
1904. Cupularia denticulata Ulrich and Bassler, Maryland Geological Survey, Miocene, p. 414, 
pi. 112, fig. 6. 
T . [ Lz = 0. 30—0. 40 mm. 
Measurements .—Targe zooecia ^„ = q 9 q_q 24 mm 
Variations. —The hydrostatic zooecia are thin, calcified, probably deprived of 
polypide, garnished with a complete cryptocyst; their apertura is small and serves 
probably as passage for a more or less long bristle; they surmount the grain of sand 
on which the larva is fixed. The internal face is flat or curved; the radiating ribs 
are generally smooth, but small tuberosities are not rare. The two condyles are 
not always exactly symmetrical. The spinous processes are acuminate or flat, 
