NORTH AMERICAN LATER TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY BRYOZOA. 81 
1913. Cupularia umbellata Canu, Contributions a l’etude des Bryozoaires fossiles, Bulletin Soci4t4 
G6ologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 13, pp. 125, 127. 
1914. Cupularia lowei Osburn, The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Publication No. 182 
of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, p. 194. 
1916. Cupularia umbellata Canu, Bryozoaries fossiles du Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin Soci6t6 
G6ologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 322. 
1919. Cupularia umbellata Canu and Bassler, Geology and Paleontology of the West Indies, 
Bryozoa, Publications Carnegie Institution of Washington, No. 291, p. 85, pi. 1, figs. 5-7; 
pi. 2, figs. 17-21. 
We are ignorant as to why Norman, who is a great lover of archaic names, 
has not preserved the name of Defrance. The figures published by this author 
and by D’Orbigny are excellent and leave no doubt as to the identity of the species. 
The fossils which are identified as above are rather well preserved and their deter¬ 
mination is easy. The pores of the hydrostatic zooecia are not radicular. 
Variations.— In this species the two oral condyles are developed and united 
in a manner to produce a pivot serving as a support to the hinge of the opercular 
valve. The spinous processes number from seven to eight; they are united on the 
greater part of their length and form a false cryptocyst perforated with very irregu¬ 
lar holes; at their base there is no union and they thus limit a certain number of 
opesiules arranged all over the zooecium. 
As Smitt thought in 1872, this species differs only from the species of the 
denticulata group in a greater calcification and in a more complete development of 
the spinous processes. In spite of its superficial appearance it therefore belongs 
to the same genus. 
The specimens from Santo Domingo, where the species had been noted by Busk 
in 1859, are quite vigorous. They represent' a variation that is remarkable in the 
size of the zooecia and in the aspect of the inner side. The latter does not show 
the usual tuberose ribs and the tuberosities are equally distributed on the zoarial 
surface. The ancestrula is not always visible; it is often covered over by a normal 
zooecium or replaced by a special region in which the zooecia are arranged in con¬ 
trary order. 
Measurement .—Opesia 
ho = 0.12 mm. 
lo =0.16 mm. 
Zooeciat 
As = 0.44-0.50 mm. 
Iz = 0.34 mm. 
Occurrence. —Lower Miocene (Gatun formation): Banana River, Costa Rica 
(common). Lower Miocene: Chipola River, Calhoun County, and Shoal River, 
Walton County, Florida (common). Lower Miocene: (Oak Grove); Oak Grove, 
Yellow River, Florida (common). Lower Miocene (Bowden horizon): Bowden, 
Jamaica: Cercado de Mao, Rio Cana, and Rio Gurabo, Santo Domingo (common). 
Miocene (Duplin marl): Wilmington and other localities in North Carolina and 
South Carolina (common). Pliocene of South Carolina and Florida. 
This species is almost always associated with Cupuiadria canariensis Busk, 
1859. Like the latter it commences in the Lower Miocene and continues through 
the latter Miocene and Pliocene of the United States. 
Geological distribution. —Aquitanian of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani), of Bordeaux 
(Canu); Burdigalian of Italy (Seguenza, Canu), of Bordeaux (Canu); Helvetian 
of Egypt, Bordeaux, and Touraine; Tortonian of Provence (Canu), of Italy (Segu¬ 
enza); Plaisancian of England (Busk), of Italy (Manzoni); Asti an of Italy (Neviani, 
