NORTH AMERICAN LATER TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY BRYOZOA. 159 
1905. Microporella ( Heckelia) violacea Neviani, Briozoi fossili di Carrubare (Calabrie), Bolletino 
della Societa geologica italiana, vol. 23, p. 525. 
1907. Microprella heckeli Cai.vet, Expedition scientifique du Travailleur et du Talisman, vol. 8, p. 
404 (bibliography). 
1909. Adeona violacea Levinsen, Morphological and systematic studies on the cheilostomatous 
Bryozoa, p. 83, pi. 14, fig. 1. 
1909. Reptadeonella violacea Norman, The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighboring islands, Journal 
Linnean Society of London, vol. 30, p. 296. 
1914. Adeona violacea Osburn, The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Publication No. 182, 
Carnegie Institution of Washington, p. 199. 
1915. Microporella heckeli Barroso, Contribution al conociementa de los Briozoos marinos de 
l’Espana.Boletin de la real sociedad espanola de Historia naturale, p. 415. 
1917. Adeona heckeli Barroso, Notas sobre Briozoos, Boletin de la real sociedad espanola de His¬ 
toria naturale, p. 498. 
1919. Adeona heckeli Canu and Bassler, Geology and Paleontology of the West Indies, Bryozoa, 
Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, no. 1, p. 95. 
This species is better known to zoologists under the name of Microporella viola¬ 
cea Johnston, 1849. In 1874 Reuss abandoned his right of priority because of his 
mediocre figure of 1847. Jelly, 1889, did not recognize his withdrawal of the-name 
and authors have employed one or the other name according to their personal 
preference. On account of the size and position of the large frontal avicularium 
there has been created a variety, plagiopora Busk, 1859. Osburn, 1914, has shown 
that on the same specimen this avicularium may be straight or oblique and that 
it does not necessitate the establishment of a special variety. 
The American fossil specimens are very rare; they belong to the normal form 
with straight avicularium, long since described by Gabb and Horn under the name 
of Multiporina umbilicata. Of this species we have found only a single specimen 
in the Bowden marl which is moderately well preserved. In the Duplin marl of the 
Upper Miocene, however, it is more common but not so abundant as in the 
European Miocene and Pliocene. 
Occurrence. —Lower Miocene (Bowden marl): Bowden, Jamaica (rare). Lower 
Pliocene (Caloosahatehee formation): Shell Creek, De Sota County, Florida (com¬ 
mon). Upper Miocene (Duplin marl): Wilmington, North Carolina; Natural well, 
2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, North Carolina; 3 miles southwest 
of Petersburg, and near Powcan, King and Queen County, Virginia (common). 
• Geological distribution. —Stampian of Germany (Reuss); Aquitanian of Gironde 
(Duvergier); Miocene of Australia (Waters) ; Helvetian of Italy (Seguenza), of 
Touraine (Canu); Tortonian of Austria-Hungary (Reuss), of Italy (Seguenza, 
Neviana), of England (Busk); Sicilian of Rhodes (Manzoni, Pergens), of Italy 
(Seguenza, Neviani); Quaternary of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani). 
Habitat. —Mediterranean: Adriatic (32-89 meters), Naples (54 meters), Algeria, 
Cette (40-97 meters), Bonifacio (89-92 meters), Balearic Islands, shores of Spain. 
Atlantic: England, English Channel, Gulf of Gascony, Bay of Cadex (60-97 meters), 
Cape Verde Islands (118-180 meters), Madeira, Florida (56-97 meters), Tortugas 
(8-29 meters), Bermuda. Indian Ocean: Burmah. Pacific: Australia, China 
Sea and Cape Tizard (43 meters). 
This species does not extend beyond the fifty-second parallel in Europe and the 
twenty-second in America. It is never abundant in any locality. 
Plesiotypes. —Cat. Nos. 68670—68673, U.S.N.M. 
