47 
Of course each of these sections may be sub-divided, but in a 
sketch like this we may content ourselves with these broad divisions. 
I must however point out that these sections are purely arbitrary and 
of no phylo-genetic significance. 
The leaf-miners nearly all belong to the Microlepidoptera, but one 
species of the Geometric,” Scotosia retiilata, shows larval habits not 
far removed from those of a leaf-miner. The young larva bores into 
the shoots of the Buckthorn ( Rkamnus catliarticns), and even when 
the larva is more advanced it still feeds between leaves, only eating the 
softer parts of them. (Newman, Entom. vol. iv., p. 123, 1868). Many 
species of the genus Eupithecia also mine into buds. No doubt from 
the Macrolepidopterist’s point of view, the most interesting family of 
leaf-miners is that known to collectors as the “ Foresters.” 
Adsdta statices, our commonest species of Forester, bores into the 
leaves of its food plant, the Sorrel, after quitting the egg. It appears, 
however, to be only a half-hearted leaf-miner, for though some of the 
larvae noticed burrowed well into leaves others contented themselves 
with just burying the body. Whether this species continues the 
mining habit till hibernation does not appear to be stated, but when 
again feeding in the spring it eats the under side of the leaves. Its 
congener, Adsdta geryon, in its early stage, mines the leaves of the rock- 
rose ( Heliantheunnn ). This species, however, appears to be less 
inclined towards leaf-mining than even A. staticex, for it never appears 
to bury more than half its body in the leaf. For very good accounts 
of these species see Tutt, Brit. Lap., vol. i., p. 392 and 402. 
The larval habits of Rhayadcs globulariae (the scarce Forester), are 
very close to those of a leaf-miner of Section B. On hatching, the 
larva burrows into a leaf of knapweed ( Centaurea nigra), which it 
partially excavates. In this way it makes large blister-like patches in 
the leaves. It continues to feed in this manner throughout its larval 
■existence. It has one peculiar habit, that of leaving the mine to 
undergo ecdysis. Whenever it wants to moult, it leaves the mine and 
spins a silken platform whereon it rests. It also hibernates and 
pupates without the mine. There is a good account of the habits of 
this larva in captivity in the 2nd volume of Buckler’s larvae p. 1 , et. 
sat]., and also in Tutt’s Brit. Lap., vol. i., p. 409, from which these 
remarks are gathered. 
Though the Tortndds are nearly all concealed feeders, yet the leaf¬ 
mining habit is exceedingly rare among them. One species, however, 
Olethreutes woodiana, is an interesting exception. It mines the leaves 
of the mistletoe (riscumalbinn), making at first a narrow gallery with 
openings for the discharge of its excrement, on the underside of a leaf, 
occasionally sending off a diverticulum. With the growth of the 
larva the mine assumes a blotch, sometimes occupying the whole of 
the leaf. The larva forms a kind of silken gallery in the mine, in 
which it rests when not feeding. It can pass from one leaf to another. 
To pupate it comes out of the mine and spins up on the bark of the 
tree which nourished its food plant. The above is condensed from an 
excellent paper by Dr. Wood (Pint. Mo. Mag., vol. xxviii., p. 225), who 
was the discoverer of this insect as well as of its.larval habits. 
The larvae of Glyphipteryx aquitdla mines, at least, in the later, 
stages, the shoots and leaves of the yellow Stonecrop ( Sedum acre). 
It consumes the whole of the interior, and moves freely from one shoot 
