5 ] 
student of the early stages of this genus should make a point of 
reading for himself Dr. Wood’s paper entitled “ Notes on the earlier 
stages of the Nepticulse, etc.” {bint. Mo. Mac/., vol. xxix., p. 197, et. 
seq., and vol. xxx., p. 1 , et. seq.). He gives here, at length, most 
valuable details for distinguishing many of the species while still in 
the larval stage, as well as other most valuable, but more general, 
matter. (See also, Sit. Nat. His., vol. i. and vol. vii.) The larva of 
Teic.liobia verhuellella, is remarkable in that it mines in the leaves and 
among the spores of Hart’s Tongue and other ferns. 
Plujlloporia bistripella makes in birch leaves a rather straight mine 
along the mid-rib to a certain distance, it then brings the mine 
nearer the edge of the leaf, where it widens it, and suddenly expands 
it into a large blo’ch, ‘Hike a river running into a lake,” as Stainton 
remarks. When full fed the larva cuts out a case and falls to the 
earth. (Stt. Nat. His., vol. xii., p. 32.) 
Tischeria manjinea is very common among brambles. It mines in 
the leaves. The mine is at first long and narrow, but assumes later 
“ a cornucopia shape.” {Stt. In. Brit., p. 26f.) The mine is 
carpeted with silk, and the larva is very careful to remove its 
excrement out of the mine through a slit cut for the purpose. The 
larva changes to a pupa within the mine. The other species of this 
genus make differently shaped mines, but their habits are similar. 
Bedellia somnulentella is a most interesting species. It mines flat 
blotches in the leaves of Convolvulus, entering by a round hole like 
that of a Coleophora. It moves freely from one leaf to another, and 
often spins strands of silk under the leaves. The larva is a beautiful 
object, and the pupa is one of those reminding one of a Pierid pupa. 
(Douglas Flnt. Soc., new series, vol. 2, p. 207, and Clemens Tin North 
Ann., p. 189.) 
The mines and larvas of the genus Eriocrania are very common in 
birch and oak leaves in early summer. So very unlike moth caterpillars 
are they, however, that many entomoligists, though acquainted with 
them, never took the trouble to rear any until Kaltenbach discovered 
that they were not beetles. When reared, however, these moths are 
not very moth-like in appearance. The female possesses an apparatus 
with which she cuts out a pocket in the leaves and deposits her eggs 
in it. The footless larvte make large mines in the leaves, and their 
excrement is deposited in a curious manner. Stainton describes this 
exactly when he says “ it is like short lengths of black cotton, from 
a quarter, to one sixteenth of a inch in length.” {Ent. Ann., 1862, p. 
122.) When fulfed, the larva leaves the mine and buries itself in the 
damp earth. The pupa is very singular, having moveable jaws. Until 
recently, the genus Eriocrania was mixed up with Micropterj/x, and 
many references to it wiil be found under the latter name {Stt. Nat. 
Hist., vol. xiii., p. 94 ; Wood, Ent. Mo. Map., vol. xxvi., p. 1; Wood 
and Chapman, ib., p. 148 et seq). 
General remarks on the Larvje or Leaf-miners. 
The larva is often remarkable for its comparative breadth and 
flatness, especially of the thoracic segments. The thoracic legs are 
sometimes so widely separated and so short that the larva cannot make 
them meet. They are particularly useful for crawling on the flat surface 
of the mine, but inadequate for grasping an object, like a Geometrid 
