30 
and possibly others. I possess two which have been sent me under 
this name, but which are only moderately representative of the form, 
one from Finland, and one from Hochschwab. Most of the continental 
local lists record it as more or less general, but this does not 
necessarily imply extreme phases, of it. My only specimen from 
Alsace is large and rather light, with more of a yellowish tinge than 
the rest of my series. Among those which I bred from Pontresina 
are one or two of the form of which Barrett speaks admiringly, and 
which might almost be worth naming, in which the pale area ( i.e ., of 
the ground colour) in the middle of the central fascia is continued 
right across the wing, leaving only quite narrow bars, or boundary¬ 
lines darkened. Of the Esthonian form Petersen writes ( Lep. Estl., 
p. 130) : “In general our examples are darker than those of central 
Europe ” ; but the two which he kindly sent me hardly bear out this 
impression. 
Arctic or high northern specimens are generally smaller*, and less 
sharply marked than those of central Europe, and this applies in a 
general way to those of both northern Scandinavia (var. norvegica) and 
of Iceland (ab. or var. glaciata, etc.); yet there are definite differences 
observable between the two races. The Icelandic seem, on the whole, 
to be about the size of the British, the Norwegian, on the -whole, smaller 
still (see Strand’s description of var. norvegica, supra). The former, 
though very inconstant, and abounding in interesting aberrations, 
favour a brownish tone ; the latter, with really extreme aberrations 
comparatively rare, tend much more to greys. The former are very 
generally darker than the type, the latter often hardly darkened at all 
though Schneider ( Troms. Mus. Aarsli., xv., p. 82) calls his race 
“ melanotic,” and Wocke (S tett. Ent. Zeit., xxv., p. 188) says that 
examples from Dovrefjeld are mostly very dark grey, entirely without 
yello-w dusting. Iceland, as already mentioned, is the home of the 
beautiful ab. prospicuata, and my series from that country also con¬ 
tains two of the most decided ab. annosata I possess (both from 
Thingvellir), one of them with the ground colour becoming pale, i.e., 
making some approach to ab. prospicuata. Sometimes, on the contrary, 
the darkening of the whole wing is so extreme as to produce practically 
ab. nigricans, differing chiefly from the British in its browner hue. 
As regards the North American forms or representatives, there 
is still much work to be done. I can add nothing to what I have 
said on the Labrador form ; but Moschler was such a good entomo¬ 
logist, that I am satisfied to accept his dictum as to its specific identity 
with ours. Nevertheless, it by no means follows from this that the 
forms recorded from Alberta, Colorado, California, etc., or even from 
New Hampshire and Massachusetts are the same; Labrador is well- 
known to have a fauna which is essentially Arctic, and, we might 
say, essentially European. Packard, to be sure, introduces, E. caesiata 
as American on an apparently abundant material; for he describes 
( Monogr., p. 67) from “ 40 $ and 40 $ .” But the majority of those 
seem to have been from Labrador (see p. 68), and the examples sent 
him from Iceland and the Austrian Alps (p. 69) may also have been 
pressed into the service for describing, as his “ American specimens 
* Large specimens occur occasionally as an “ ab.” at Bossekop; two given 
me by Mr. H. Rowland-Brown measure 36 and 34mm. 
