25 
surface, very like immature, scaleless win^s, provided with a series of 
vertical ridges ; the ventral surface of the cavities open into large 
spiraculiu- holes near the base of a metasternum plate, prolonged 
lengthwise on the vertical surface ; the two metasternum plates cover 
two abdominal rims, each of which is the framework for a tightly- 
stretched membranous drum ; a small lateral spiracle is placed 
on the inner side of the abdominal rims, and two small tightly- 
stretched membranous surfaces connect the base of the metasternum 
with each rim. The abdominal spiracles (except that mentioned) are 
situated on the ventral surface. When the insect “ rattles ” the 
abdomen is turned up, thus making a space between the abdominal 
rims and metasternum plates; wben silent the abdomen assumes its 
natural position, and the plates eftectually cover the drum rims. 
They rattle indifferently when at rest or dying. 
Pup.A.—Not unlike an Odonate pupa. Antenna; thicker than in 
imago. Pyes prominent, closer than in imago. Front of head projects 
in a sugar-loaf shape, covered with strong, bristly hairs. Proboscis 
strong, as in imago ; genital organs apparent; wings rudimentary. 
Tbe pupal prolegs are totally different from those of the imago; 
they are much enlarged, and a series of tooth-like projections on the 
inner side must give the pupa remarkable clinging power. Thus it is 
that after the imago emerges fi'om the pupal skin, the latter remains 
firmly attached to some crevice in the Imrk, or twig, until it forms the 
pabulum for some other member of the Iimccta. A species of Ih'r- 
iiia^trs was found by me feeding upon one of the pupal skins. I kept 
it some four montlis, during which time it had fiveecdyses, but finally, 
having demolished all but the harder portion, it succumbed, being in 
want of some more luxurious living than that which was left. The 
empty pupal skins may be seen at all heights above the ground—I have 
seen them as high as 50 feet—so that the pupa must be capable of 
considerable movement. 
Larva. —I know nothing of this except what may be gathered 
from entomological literature. Kirby quotes Packard ;r ffcjitcin fieri in 
of North America, thus :—“ The young larv;E feed on the roots of the 
oak and apple, sucking the sap with their beak-like mouths. Thei/ 
lire sereiiteeii iiears” (?) “Different broods appear in different locali¬ 
ties, so that each year they are seen in some part of the country.” To 
me it seems that the “ different broods ” modifies “ they live seventeen 
years!” Possibly there is some interesting alternation of larval 
existence, so that some of a brood may take a longer or a shorter period 
in arriving at maturity ; there is apparently mucli interesting material 
for observation in the lar^•al existence of the Cicadides. 
