41 
morphology in such a small subject as Phyllocnistis, and I have to thank 
Dr. Chapman for his kindly aid. The pupa is slender, with a rather 
wide metathorax. The abdominal segments very well marked, except 
the eighth, ninth, and tenth. The posterior margins of the fourth, 
fifth, and sixth abdominal segments are much thickened and roughened. 
The limbs are not fixed firmly to the body. The antennal cases reach 
to the centre of the fourth abdominal segment. Coming out below 
these the third pair of legs is visible, and reaches to about the centre 
of the fifth abdominal. The cases of the forewings are narrow, and 
just reach the fifth abdominal segment, so that the cases of the third 
pair of legs form the terminal portion of the limbs. The spiracles are 
\eiy small and oval in outline. The headpiece is armed with an 
S-shaped hook, below which, on either side, are two blunt knobs. The 
space between the hook and the knobs bears a serrated ridge. The 
pupa, viewed dorsally, has several peculiarities. On the dorsal head- 
piece are two warts. On the mesothorax are two bristles directed out- 
waids, and a slight ridge down the centre. The metathorax carries six 
warts arranged in three pairs, two of them bearing bristles. The first 
abdominal has two large and two small warts. On each side of the 
anterior of the second abdominal are two large raised cylinders capped 
by a hemisphere, out of Avhich springs a very large, stout, whitish 
bristle, directed outwards, almost at right angles to the dorsum, with 
a forward sweep. If the pupa be laid on its back these bristles sup¬ 
port it most firmly, on the same principle as the legs of a wheelbarrow. 
On the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh abdominals these cylin¬ 
ders and bristles become lateral and much smaller. On the eighth ab¬ 
dominal they are present, but abortive. The second to the "’seventh 
abdominals are each armed with a series of short, strong black hooks, 
directed backwards, down the centre of the dorsal area. The third 
to the seventh also bear, in addition to the dark hooks, which are part 
and parcel of the pupal integument, a large pair of very different 
whitish hooks, directed backwards and outwards, and which rest on 
whitish sockets. The bases of these sockets may be traced some dis¬ 
tance below the skin. Possibly they may be connected with the inner 
pupal envelope, and the moth, in emergence, may be able to exercise 
some useful control over their movements. On the sides of the ninth 
abdominal (I believe it to be the ninth) are two large, pale, sharply- 
pointed cones, only partly diverging. The tenth abdominal is rounded, 
but has a slight groove, reminding one of the same segment in the 
prepupal form. 
Emergence.— The elaborate armature of the pupa forms, altogether, 
a most efficient apparatus for bringing the insect safely from the cocoon 
into the light of day. The actual emergence of the moth is, I believe, 
brought about in the following manner :—Lying on its back in the co¬ 
coon, the moth, still in the pupal skin, is held in position by the 
bristles, of which the lateral keep the abdomen fairly in the centre of 
the cocoon, whilst the long dorsal bristles of the second abdominal 
segment prop up the head and thorax so that the head presses against 
the upper surface, or roof, of the cocoon. A thrust is now given by a 
lateral movement of the abdominal segments which rest on the lower 
surface of the cocoon. The dorsal hooks on one side passing in a for¬ 
ward direction over some of the silken cross-threads which line the 
lower surface of the cocoon. These hooks, once having passed over 
