of a rich purplish-brown colour, but such forms must be regarded as 
very unusual. 
While on this subject I may refer to a specimen in my own series, 
from Essex, in which the cell on the forewings is clouded over with a 
suffusion of the same tint as the usual dark margin. (Spring brood). 
II. Increase of Marking. 
The noticeable form under this heading is the ab. {et rar.) l;/llns, 
Esp. This is the form in which there is a strongly marked dark 
marginal border to all the wings. Quite a large proportion of the 
summer examples show some tendency to variation in this direction, 
and in some years a fair number of strongly marked forms are 
obtained. Really extreme forms, however, are rare in this country. 
I have a very fine one taken at Colchester, in the summer of 1904, in 
the series which I exhibit. This form is sometimes stated to be the 
usual summer form in the South of Europe, but, according to Tutt, 
these specimens really belong to the specialized race named by 
Staudinger var. manjinata. 
Another form of variation in this direction is the development of 
extra spots. Such forms are not common. I have two in which a 
small, blind spot occurs on the outer margin of the underside of the 
forewings in the third neural interspace below the eye-spot. One of 
these was taken at St. Margaret’s Bay, near Dover, in 1908, and the 
other at Little Missenden, in 1911. I have seen this form in several 
collections, notably that of Dr. Cassal, who had a specimen with a 
complete ocellated spot in this position, and it would, no doubt, be 
found more commonly if searched for. Mr. Grosvenor has one with a 
complete chain of such spots, not well developed, but clearly 
distinguishable, and reminding one of some forms of C. ti/phon. 
An additional spot also occurs fairly frequently just below, and 
attached to, the eye-spot. Such an aberration on the upperside 
(ab. bipnpillata, Cosm.), is not common, but the corresponding under¬ 
side variation is more frequent, and I am able to exhibit four specimens 
of it. Three of these came from the “Raynor" col'ection and were 
taken at Hazeleigh, in Essex, and the other is from Little Missenden. 
Of the upperside form (ab. bipnpillata ) I have one from Wimbledon 
which I have already referred to. 
Another handsome underside form is that in which there is a dark 
fuscous suffusion on the innerside of the transverse line, normally 
only faintly indicated, which crosses the wing near the eye-spots. 
This is usually accompanied by an increase of fuscous suffusion at the 
tornus. I exhibit one very fine and extreme form of this variety, and 
three less striking ones, from various localities. 
On the hindwings there is normally a central whitish patch, most 
pronounced, as a rule, in most extreme li/llns forms. This patch is 
often partially, and occasionally wholly, obscured (ab. unicolor, Tutt.). 
The correlation between the darkmunp of the wing-margins on the 
upperside, characteristic of ab. bjllus, and the extension of this litjlit 
patch is remarkable, but is nevertheless confirmed by numerous 
observers, including the late Mr. Tutt. 
Another underside aberration is known as ab. ocellata , Tutt., and 
xxii.-xxiii. 
