56 
has a row of ocellafced spots on the hindwings. Extreme forms are 
very handsome. Most specimens have a row of small spots varying in 
size hut not ocellated, and specimens with no trace of such spots are 
not common, and 1 only possess one. 
III. Decrease of Marking. 
This takes place chiefly in regard to the eye-spot. This, as we 
have seen, may be large and prominent, or even duplicated. On the 
other hand it may be reduced to minute proportions, or even disappear. 
The form with no eye-spot on the upperside is known as ab. obsoletei, 
Tutt. The underside aberration is unnamed, hut might well be 
included in ab. obsoleta, as, in my experience, the upper and under 
surfaces usually correspond in this respect. One may note that the 
upperside form is often overlooked, as frequently there is a trace of the 
spot on the underside, or even a normally sized spot, and this, showing 
through the wing, gives the latter the appearance of being spotted on 
the upper surface as well. 
Curious forms occur, with the obsolescence on one wing only— 
Mr. Mera, I believe, has one. Another was exhibited by Mr. Benton 
at a meeting of this Society on October 17th, 1905, and yet another by 
Mr. Grosvenor on December 3rd, 1912. 
A most extraordinary aberration, quite unclassifiable, was in the 
Maddison ” collection, and had a patch of the upperside coloration 
in the underside of the left hindwing. 
I must apologise for troubling you at such length on the subject of 
the variation of this little insect, and hope that what I have said may 
be of sufficient interest to support some discussion on the seasonal and 
aberrational forms of the species. 
NOTES ON BUPALUS PIN1ARIUS, LINN. 
(Read April 15th, 1913, by E. A. COCKAYNE, M.D., F.L.S., F.E.S., at a 
Discussion on this species.) 
Bnpaliis piniarius, Linn., is not only a beautiful and conspicuous 
insect, but is also a most interesting one from the distribution of its 
two distinct forms in these islands. And it is with a discussion of 
this that I intend to open the evening, leaving its life-history and the 
technical points of nomenclature to those more expert in these depart¬ 
ments. The insect, without any very close relatives anywhere in the 
world, has a wide range through Europe, across Asia to Japan, not 
extending north into the Arctic Circle, but being found as far south as 
Asia Minor. 
In this country it is found in two widely different forms, a 
small northern race, the type form, in which the male has a white 
ground colour and the female, though variable, is always dull in 
colour and usually a uniform dark brown, and a large southern race, 
ab. jiavescens, Buch-White, whose male has a rich cream coloured 
ground and whose female is a bright tawny brown. It is true that 
xxii.-xxiii. 
