70 
are also eight obvious segments, and portions of the 10th are also 
obvious when protruded as the two terminal tactile pads that we 
usually call the ovipositor. 
There should be, however, an 8th, a 9th and a 10th segment, which 
are the two that appear to be 8th and 10th, and which is missing ? 
It is extremely probable that I have overlooked some literature on 
the subject, but I am not acquainted with any account of the 
segmentation of the abdomen of 5 Lepidoptera that satisfies me. 
The papers of my friend Dr. Wood, in the “ Ent. Mo. Mag." for 1891, 
are not quite correct as to the numbering of the segment, though 
admirable in every other respect. Most authorities I have been able 
to consult say nothing definite in the matter before us, or are very 
vague in what they do say. Peytoureau, however, says positively that 
the rods (inner and outer), belong to the 8th and 9th segments, which 
does not agree with the facts in some insects, so far as I can interpret 
them. 
If we begin with our Lycamids, we find ourselves quickly in 
difficulties. In the males the matter is straightforword, but the 
females are puzzling. In nearly all Lepidoptera we find the 1st 
abdominal segment somewhat different from the rest; it is often 
without very definite dorsal and ventral plates like the others, but 
their margins are reinforced by strong chitinous ridges, and other 
chitinous processes are present. These would seem to be necessary for 
the attachment and action of the muscles that move the abdomen as a 
whole. The spiracles belonging to this first segment are usually very 
evident. However, I am not a,ware that anyone entertains any doubt 
about this being the 1st abdominal segment, though the second 
appears at first glance to be so, if we expect all the abdominal 
segments to be alike. The following six segments each carry spiracles 
and are the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th. In the males of Lycsenids 
and in fact of nearly all lepidoptera the 8th abdominal segment is 
distinct, very like the others, but is without a spiracle. The 9th and 
10th segments form the $ appendages, as we know from their 
development, and as is indeed easily understood from the segments 
they arise from in the pupa. 
But when we examine the female specimens the next segment after 
the 7th carries dorsally the forward rod, and is quite in accord with 
Peytoureau’s recognition of this as the 8th segment. (He makes up 
the ten by dividing the 10th segment into two, and figures a division 
which I don’t think exists, certainly, at least, not as a division between 
two segments.) 
If we are to learn anything about this with certainty, we must 
examine a number of species of lepidoptera, especially amongst the 
more primitive forms. 
If we go to the Micropteryges, calthclla or seppella, we find there 
are ten abdominal segments in the ? . We find also that the 9th and 
10th are quite simple, that is, tubular and without any rods. 
The parts are more complicated in the Hepialidae, but they agree 
with Micropteryx in having no rods, a very unusual condition in 
Lepidoptera, associating them with Micropteryx and separating them 
markedly from Eriocrania ( Eriocephala ) ( purptirella , etc.), in which the 
xxii.-xxiii. 
