23 
the usual type are met with. In one stem there were two galleries 
parallel, with openings touching one another, of which one was only 
4 inch in length. Both produced parasites. 
In two others a larva had bored into the wood and entered half¬ 
way up an old tunnel. This was prolonged npwards and the part 
below the new hole blocked up with frass. In yet another, a larva 
entered by an old exit hole and made its cocoon half way up the old 
tunnel. This must have fed up elsewhere, and moved when full-grown. 
In many of the stems, which I kept through the winter, I found 
evidences of larvae having moved from time to time, probably owing 
to the wood becoming too dry, but I doubt its frequent occurrence 
under natural conditions. 
The exit hole is often situated at a knot, perhaps because such a 
situation offers more cracks suitable for the deposition of the egg. I 
do not know the date of pupation, but on April 22nd I opened some 
sticks which I had kept through the winter, and found four larvae 
pupating. I tied the split halves together, and looking again on 
May 16th, found three dead lame and one living pupa. 
My imagines appeared between June 11th and July 13th, most in 
the last week of June. They began to emerge about 10.30 a.m., and 
continued through the day until evening. I have only witnessed the 
emergence twice. In the first, at 10.30 a.m., I saw the pupa push its 
sharp nose out. It rapidly pushed itself further, with ventral surface 
uppermost, the black and yellow markings of the moth showing clearly 
through the transparent skin. It rested with more than half its length 
protruded for two minutes, and then split and allowed the moth to 
escape. The latter looking very damp ran up and down the stem for 
two or three minutes. Then it remained quiet, with head upwards, 
and the expansion of the wings began, and was completed in three 
minutes. At 10.55 it put down its wings, dried and ready for flight. 
The second wns much slower. The pupae pushed its head out at 
10.30 a.m. Iialf-an-hour later it moved again and protruded half its 
length. Five minutes after this the moth emerged, and expanding 
much more slowly was not dry till an hour after its emergence. 
Closely bound up with the life-history of the moth, is that of its 
parasites. Of these I know seven, of which I have bred five myself. 
Their importance in its economy may be gauged by the fact that they 
destroyed between 70% and 85% of my full-fed lame. 
One is a dipteron, the remaining six hymenoptera. The dipterous 
parasite is Thryptocera ( Dujnnoehoeta ) spimpennix, a Tachinid bred from 
various species of lepidoptera, but uncommon in this country. Of 
this I bred three from Surrey, between June 5th and 11 th, and found 
two empty pupa cases in a stem at Box Hill. 
Of the hymenoptera, the first to emerge is Bracon variator, a small 
insect with black head, thorax, and legs, orange abdomen, and smoky 
wings. I have bred it from Surrey, Kent, and Gloucester, and found 
one or two on the stem of a viburnum in Somerset, near an emergence 
hole. I bred four from one stem, in which their cocoons were packed 
at the end of the gallery, near the head of a full-fed larva. In a very 
slender stem. I found the dead body of one which had tried to escape 
the wrong way, and eating into the pith, died miserably. Two stems 
had empty cocoons, from which the parasite escaped by making a 
xix. 
