82 
primaries and secondaries are in opposition, or where even (A. carda- 
mines) the costfe of secondaries project beyond those of primaries ; or 
(ii.) limited, when more or le<s of proximon is exposed as in I', in, where 
crypton is very small. These might, if required, be termed respectively 
holocryptonic and hypocryptonic species. 
There is a third class of butterflies not exhibiting features to 
which such descriptions apply, for it is the upper surface of the wings 
which is exposed. Hesperiidae, such as Nisnniades tapes, partial 
upperside exposed, and Casiapa porghyrops, whole of upper surface 
exposed. Possibly other classes exist. 
And D: — In the classification according to markings, the crypton 
is: — 
Homologous to f (a) Fully representing the phaneron character. 
the rest of the under- -j [V) 
side. ((c) 
or 2. Heterologous to 
the rest of the under¬ 
side. 
Largely 
Partially „ „ „ „ 
(a) Partially reproducing upperside pattern. 
(*) 
(<0 
Examples of (1) are : 
Largely 
Fully 
(d) More than „ 
—(a) C. rhanmi, V. io, 
(b) V. polychloros, 
(c) V. urticae. 
of (2) are (a) Melitaea, 
(. b ) A. aylaia, 
(c) M. yalatea, 
( <1) Y.atalanta. 
And doubtfully under same head as (d) V. atalanta come such forms 
as E . ianira $ where the crypton is of same brown colour as brighter 
upperside colour of ? s. The cryptons of the sexes (with the exception 
of the apical spot) are fairly identical, but where scarcely any of such 
appearance occurs on upperside of $ . A colour here new to the male 
appears, but common in other sex. 
Such forms as (Jgyris amaryllis ? go still further, perhaps where 
brilliant scarlet marks occur on crypton. Scarlet occurs otherwise not 
at all in imagines of this species (or ?genus). 
Vanessa urticae classified as having (c) a partially homologous 
crypton almost, or quite, occupies an intermediate position, as it is also 
partially heterologous (a of II.) since, in fact, most of markings of 
upperside occur on crypton in the tints of the underside, the pattern 
being formed by the obsolescence of the closely-set linear markings of 
dark colour. 
I trust that these terms are not offensively superfluous (we have a 
host) for it does seem that the mere suggestion of them at least exposes 
and emphasizes interesting sets of phenomena which we ought to fully 
recognize. Such as that in Lycaenidae we have grades in separate 
groups, from Lycaenids where the crypton fully (Ayriades bel- 
largus, etc.) repeats the plan of markings of phaneron, or almost 
(Aricia astrarche, etc.) fully does so; through various others to Theclids 
which fairly do so, to Polyommatids which more or less (phlaeas more) 
have heterologous phaneton, representing in some degree coloration of 
uppersides, to Oyyris with a pattern special to underside on its crypton. 
All these with “crypton” coterminous, I believe, with “proximon.” 
While when we come to other families we have varying habits, as 
in Vanessidac, with varying plans of crypton. 
(i.) Pyrameis ( atalanta , etc.) with heterologous crypton ; cardni, 
xix. 
