34 
With a clap her wings are closed over her back, and before long she 
is heeled over sideways, usually immediately. Sometimes an interval 
occurs, but often, especially after slighter movements from the first, 
in a partial exposure of coverable underside of upperwing, the white- 
centred black “ eye ” (from the brightest brown colour she possesses) 
“ peers ” over the hindwing margin. This position is sometimes 
maintained for a long time; but the least repetition of original fright 
occurring, the “eye” is whisked instantaneously behind the hindwing. 
The irresistible conclusion is that, with the comparatively unnotice- 
able remainder of the ground-coloured underside, the eye-spot on its 
bright ground colour would so act that if some enemy had “ gone 
for” the butterfly in that sudden movement, it would have aimed for 
the eye-spot, and but little essential harm would have accrued to the 
ianira. That position “ with the eye out ” one would consider as the 
“ warned ” or “ apprehensive ” attitude of ianira. The second might, 
or might not be, with the exception of the antennae, that of sleep, but 
I think this “ attitude ” of seclusion — lying on its side- — is not the 
sleep attitude of ianira. I know that S. semele does not sleep on its 
side, a favourite “ resting ” and “ sunning ” attitude. 
In passing, one may note that possibly the attitude with “ the eye 
out ” may be quite sufficiently noticeable by a male to lead to his 
pause in passing, and certainly on the least such pause the female is 
liable to immediate further display, it may be, of whole upperside. 
These attitudes are full of interest, especially'' where, as in the female 
ianira, they may be evidence of reconciling two apparent incompatibles, 
protection from enemies, and display to opposite sex. 
One cannot resist the connection in one’s mind between the size of 
the crypton and its homology (or want of it, in colour and markings), 
as compared with rest of underside in some allied species. In Pyrameis 
( = atalanta , etc.) the crypton is large, and the full possible extent of 
upperwing is covered by the lower in sleep: the crypton, in fact, is 
additionally (as compared with upperside) ornamented with blue, with 
white, with ochreous. In V. polychloros much of upperwing is exposed 
in sleep; the crypton is small and homologous to rest of underside. 
One wonders whether differences in attitudes of sleeping, resting, 
etc., account for the varieties in Papilionidae, in the want or presence 
in undersides, of similarity in whole, or in parts to uppersides. 
The habit of P. nlysses to rest at the back of large leaves on retiring 
for the night, suggested that a bright blue crypton, resembling 
upperside, would be very conspicuous, as it may settle several times 
on leaves for lengthy periods with wings closed, but showing almost 
maximum of upperwings before settling to sleep, as if giving several 
trials. Its homologous crypton rendered it very little conspicuous in 
the shade, a complete contrast to P. machaon, etc. 
So that taking such considerations up (partial as the observations 
are) the crypton becomes greatly more interesting. And still more so 
when one finds such a fact as occurs in Ogyris amaryllis when on the 
grays and browns usual to the undersides of the group touched with 
blues on the crypton (blue with black and white constituting the rest 
of the colorings of the genus), there occur two brilliant scarlet marks 
on the crypton, and in the J only, a 5 which is concerned with ova 
of the greatest possible value to green ants, then our interest is 
certainly not diminished. 
xix. 
