44 
But observations reimpress on one’s mind the rapidity, on any 
disturbance, with which the cessation of flight (to escape) is accom¬ 
panied by the closing up of all bright colour in most, and where the 
habit is not to close, other details show themselves; as, emphatically, 
in Caxiapa porphyrops. In every case in North Queensland where 
observation succeeded in tracking this Helper id, in its flight and settling, 
■when it v'hisked itself into the bushes, it was observed spread out flat 
(and it measures 2J inches in expanse) on some low leafly herbage 
about three feet from the ground, and its strong contrast of indigo, 
with old gold bands, was protected from our view', from its situation 
on the undersurface of drooping large leaves whose backs looked 
downwards and towards the shade of the jungle, and away from the 
roadway. This is true of the hours of sunshine (11 a.m., 2 p.m., 
3 p.m., 4 p.m.) on separate occasions. 
It is not, of course, suggested that no other agency works for 
development of brighter colours. Mimetic adaptation is scarcely 
touched in these remarks. Nor is inheritance in sexually dimorphic 
species, of colour of one sex, by opposite sex in next generation. 
Sexual selection by $ s of brighter $ s is another possibility. But 
this last is, in some species, so easily proved to be an extremely remote 
“ possibility,” an often evidently non-existent fact (except in so far as 
in some competitive cases, the successful $ is an old roue, and may 
have been, by virtue of his superiority, at one time incomparably 
brilliant) that other factors must eventually be found to have been 
masked by this imaginative role. 
But it is here suggested that whatever agencies have contributed 
to commencements of appearance of bright colours, their perfection is 
being influenced by:—(1) Recognition between sexes. And the 
possibility of this by colour was proved by Briggs’ experiments, in 
which J s even were proved to be attracted by colours of S s artificially 
represented. (2) In the case of elusion by the increasing difficulty of 
identification (in the quick change process) with increasing contrast 
by brighter upperside colours. (3) Protection of $ from $> -hunting 
enemies. 
One argues from the views expressed in these remarks that the 
usual view of comparative significance of upper- and undersides is 
erroneous, that it might be fair to hold that, in such measure as the 
markings and colour of the uppersides of our butterflies determine the 
success in life of each individual, in exactly such do also their under¬ 
sides, and determine consequently the continued existence of the 
species. 
But if one surface has to be sunk to a lower level, it is contended 
that the upperside is the one to which the subordinate position should 
be assigned, instead of the usual much less regarded underside. 
At a Council Meeting held on February 1st, 11)10, it was decided (with a view 
to ensuring uniformity of nomenclature) to adopt South’s List as the basis of the 
Society’s Minutes, etc., etc., pending the publication and general adoption of 
a similar standard list embodying the many more recent, and more or less piece¬ 
meal, revisions of nomenclature. 
In the case of the above paper, and also of that following it, however, it has 
been found impossible to bring the nomenclature entirely into line with South’s 
List without obscuring the author’s meaning ; in order therefore to avoid this, 
certain names, indicative of the modern subdivisions of such large groups as 
South’s Vanessa, Lycama, etc , have been allowed to stand. —Ed. 
XIX. 
