492 
THE KILIMA-NJARO EXPEDITION. 
are independent prepositions, and not true pronominal- 
prefixes. 
In the most archaic forms at present discoverable 
the sixteen prefixes are as follows :— 
Singular. 
1. Mu. 
3. (Mu (Ugu )7 
5. Di or Li (Mi). 
7. Ki (Mi 1 ?). 
9. M (Nih¬ 
il. Lu. 
Plural. 
2. Ba (Mu and Ba are only applied 
to sentient beings). 
4. Mi (Sgi). 
6, Ma (Nga). 
<8. Bi (Pi V). 
10. Ti, Ti-n (-9i-n T). 
12. Tu (often diminutive in sense). 
13. Ka (often diminutive in sense). 
14. Bu (generally used to form abstract nouns from concrete roots). 
Ku (a directive; identical with preposition meaning “ to.” 
Used as an .infinitive with verb-roots). 
Pa (locative; only applied to nouns or other forms of speech 
indicating place or position). 
15 
16. 
There are few instances of the prefixes changing 
from plural to singular in signification, or vice versa , 
except that the 14th.(Bu), which is generally used to 
form abstract nouns, may occasionally serve as plural 
to the 13th (Ka). The 15th and 16th (Ku and Pa) 
are of no number, being practically prepositions. Ku 
is used with verbs in the sense of “ to,” and as an 
adverb of locality. Pa only serves as concord to 
nouns of place, and as a preposition generally means 
“here” and “ on.” The 9th prefix often adheres to 
nouns in both numbers. 
As regards the correspondence of singular and 
plural prefixes, it is by no means constant, though the 
plan set forth above is considered by some the normal 
7 Where an alternative rendering is added in brackets, it is meant 
to indicate what the peculiarities of the concord and other reasons 
lead us to regard as the older form of the prefix, now no longer in 
actual use. 
