534 
THE KILIMANJARO EXPEDITION. 
I cannot ascertain the subjunctive (if there is any), nor am I able 
to make out some of the more complicated tenses of the verb. It 
seems to me that both in Ki-caga and Ki-taveita—ns in Ki-swahili 
and some other North-eastern Bantu tongues—the verbal forms have 
undergone considerable degradation and obliteration, just as happens 
in our own English tongue. There is no trace of that mode of forming 
the preterite tense by a true inflection, which may he observed in the 
majority of existing Bantu languages, and which was certainly present 
in the mother-speech. 
The negative is formed (in connection with the verb) by incor¬ 
porating certain particles with the pronominal prefixes. These 
together form the following mode of expressing negation :— 
Ki-caga. 
Sing. 1 pers. $i-neka, I give not. 
.,2 „ 4 jffw-neka, Thou givest 
not. 
„ 3 ,, IZa-neka, lie gives not. 
Plur. 1 pers. Halu-neki\, We give not. 
„ 2 „ Ham'- neka, You give not. 
,, 3 „ Hatva- neka, They give 
not. 
Ki-taveita. 
Sing. 1 pers. $i-tonga-mi, I go not. 
„ 2 ,, Tw-toiiga-we, Thou goest 
not. 
„ 3 „ Te-tonga-e, We goes not. 
Plur. 1 „ Jle^M-tonga-'swi, We go 
not. 
„ 2 „ Tem'-tonga-'nvvi, You go 
not. 
„ 3 ,, Tewa- toiiga-'wo, They go 
not. 
(In Ivi-taveita the negation is always emphasized by repeating after 
the verb the full forms of the personal pronoun, such as: mi, 'we, 
'nwi, 'swi, &c. Si-tonga-mi would literally be “ I am not going, I! ” 
in the sense of the French, “ Je ne vais pas, moi! ” 
A very emphatic negative adverb in Ki-caga is Ote, “no, certainly 
no,” “not at all.” 
Among the adverbs, preposition? 
Ki-caga. 
Na, and, tvith. 
Ivu, to. 
Wa, on. 
Kwa ,for, in order. 
-a (wa, ya, za, la, &c., according to con¬ 
cord), of. 
Wala, hut. 
Gaua, or. 
Iviki ? why ? 
Keku ? Ako ? where ? 
:, and conjunctions are :— 
Ki-taveita. 
Na, and, with. 
Ku, to. 
Ha, on. 
Kwa, for, in order. 
-a (wa, ya, kia, ja, la, &c., according to 
concord), of. 
Ela, hut. 
Kini ? why ? 
Kahe P where ? 
4 These forms in Ki-caga are rather unsettled. I have sometimes 
heard them pronounced Gu, Ga, &c., and sometimes Ku, Ka. The 
more archaic-form prevailing in many Bantu languages would he Ku, 
Ka, Katu , &c. This becomes Hit, Ha in Swahili, A in Zulu, To, Ta 
in Lu-ganda, Su, Sa in Ki-nyan v a, and so on. The archaic form of the 
negative prefix was KA. 
