'60 The N.Z. Journal of Science and Technology. [Jan. 
the valley-sides were buried the higher points would become islands 
surrounded by river alluvium, and doubtless at places in its wanderings 
the stream would cross buried ridges and hills. Then came elevation of 
the land, and the streams began to deepen their beds. The tendency of 
a down-cutting stream is to maintain its course, and this the Waikato has 
done, forming the Arapuni and Maungatautari Gorges by cutting through 
the relatively hard rocks of its old valley-sides. 
This district has received scant attention from geologists. In 1859 
Hochstetter* crossed the Waikato at Aniwhaniwha by a log bridge placed 
across the river by the Maoris. He remarked on the peculiar windings 
of the stream at this point, the numerous potholes in the tuff, and the 
regular terraces fringing the valley. Cussenf in 1888 and again in 1893 
pointed out that the Hinuwera Valley had been formed bv the Waikato 
when that river flowed at a higher level. 
REVIEWS. 
An Investigation into the Prospects of establishing a Paper-making 
Industry in South Australia, by W. A. Hargreaves ; with appendices 
by J. C. Earl and D. C. Winterbottom. Bulletin of the Department 
of Chemistry, South Australia, No. 1, 56 pp., 1916. 
This is the first of a new series of bulletins dealing with industrial 
problems from the chemical standpoint, and already eight other shorter 
bulletins of the series have been issued by the Department of Chemistry 
of South Australia. Mr. Hargreaves, the Director of the Department, is 
to be congratulated upon the energy with which he has met the call for 
increased industrial research. 
It appears that South Australia is entirely dependent upon outside 
sources for supplies of both paper and millboard. There are four mills 
in Victoria, three of which produce millboard and strawboard, while the 
other is essentially a paper-mill. In New South Wales there is one 
paper-mill, and one or two board-mills. The output of these mills is 
not given, but the total imports of paper and boards into Australia for 
1913 were valued at £1,727,941, and into South Australia £283,250 for the 
same period. 
There are so many kinds of paper produced from different materials 
and made for different purposes that the subject cannot be treated in a 
general way. The classification adopted by Mr. Hargreaves is 
. A—Hand-made papers, and special-quality writing and printing 
papers. 
B—News printings. 
C—Ordinary writing and printing papers (other than news papers). 
D—Wrapping-papers. 
The manufacture of hand-made and special-quality papers is obviously 
out of question in the Dominions. News printings are at present made 
* New Zealand , 1867, pp. 450-51. 
t Notes on the Waikato River Basins, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 21, 1889, p. 409. 
Notes on the Piako and Waikato River-basins, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 26, 1894, 
pp. 400-1. 
