1919.] Pemberton.—Weather Forecasting in New Zealand. 175 
it is to state definitely those places which, perhaps through local peculiarities, 
are likely to miss many of the effects of the storm. 
The lowest reading of the barometer at Wellington on the night of the 
16th was 29-00 in., and this took place at 6.30 p.m. according to the baro- 
gram fig. 13. 
Usually, with approaching cyclones, in front of the centre there is a 
striking increase in temperature, but in this case this effect was somewhat 
counteracted by the passage of the rear of a “ low ” the previous day, the 
centre of which is shown in the south-east corner of fig. 11. 
Tropical or North-west Cyclones. 
Taking now the case of cyclones reaching these Islands from the tropics, 
fig. 14 is an instance of one which has come from the north-west. To 
distinguish it from other extra-tropical cyclones having different routes 
it might be advisable to refer to it as a north-west cyclone. 
The first indications of its presence were freshening easterly winds in the 
far north, with a falling barometer, on the 19th July, 1911. On the 20th its 
centre was definitely located due north of Cape Maria van Diemen, and on 
the 21st, as shown in the chart, it had only moved a distance of about 
150 miles in the twenty-four hours. This storm was under observation 
until the 25th ; and between the 19th and 25th stormy weather and heavy 
rainfalls were the rule, particularly in the east-coast districts. 
North-east Cyclones. 
Figs. 15 to 19 give an example of an extra-tropical cyclone which may 
be described as a north-east cyclone. Storms of this type originate to the 
north-east of New Zealand, and advance from the direction of the Kermadec 
Islands towards the Bay of Plenty, then recurve off East Cape, and finally 
pass to the south-east. 
As shown in fig. 15, an anticyclone is invariably located over the South 
Island with the approach of a north-east cyclone, and this causes a steepen¬ 
ing of the baric gradient, and consequently intensifies the effects of the 
disturbance. These cyclones are the most dreaded ones as far as the east- 
coast districts of the North Island are concerned, for during their passage 
they are responsible for heavy rains, high tides, and heavy seas—three 
conditions which, acting together, cause the rivers to flood in the Hawke’s 
Bay and Gisborne districts. This type of storm often remains stationary 
for several days, and, on account of the persistent south-east gales in and 
northward of Cook Strait, shipping has a very trying time along all the 
eastern coast. The saying “ It is an ill wind thar blows nobody any-good ” 
applies to this case, for while the east coast of the North Island suffers 
severely from such a visitation, Westland, and often Otago, experience 
pleasant conditions. 
On the 20th, although the storm-centre was still located off East Cape, 
another low-pressure area was centred to the south-west of New Zealand. 
The proximity of these two depressions to each other caused a neutralizing 
effect, and fig. 17 shows a decrease in the wind-force. Very heavy seas 
were, however, still breaking on the coast between East Cape and Kai- 
koura. The improvement in weather conditions was a very brief one, 
as will be seen from the chart of the following day (fig. 18). Here the 
cyclone and the westerly “ low ” have combined, and southerly gales are 
widespread, accompanied by heavy rain in both the North and South Islands. 
f 
