1919.] New Zealand Institute Science Congress. 281 
of education in agriculture, concluding thus : “It has always remained a 
scandal to our rulers that those connected with our greatest industry have 
not been catered for as we have a right to expect. Money spent in this 
way would be a most profitable investment to New Zealand.” 
Further examples of the direct value of science to farming are cited— 
e.g., the work of the travelling botanist ; Babcock’s invention of the milk 
and cream tester ; the use of isolated chambers in ships, and the cold-air 
process (the latter, the author declares, marks an epoch in our history) ; 
plant-breeding, with which the name of Dr. Hilgendorf is associated. 
The paper concludes with a discussion of certain matters which at the 
present time demand investigation in this country. The following are 
specially referred to : An investigation of bush sickness ; a soil survey 
(“ I hope the Congress will pass a strong resolution in favour of it, to 
awake from their slumbers those in authority ”) ; plant-breeding; the ever¬ 
lasting study, which must never be forgotten, called by Dr. Cockayne 
“ the relation of the plant to the soil ” ; the improvement of the pastoral 
runs of the South Island ; cheap and efficient power on the farm. 
The author conclud'es : “ It is the duty of the State to provide education 
for such teachers, and trained teachers for the farming community; but this 
is a subject of itself which I dare not touch upon. It is an extraordinary 
fact that every profession and most trades have the assistance of educational 
institutions, while the oldest and most important of all occupations is 
largely left alone to grope in the dark, and farmers have to find out for 
themselves elementary facts with which they should be familiar when they 
begin their life’s work. The worker equally with his employer on the 
land will gain, for a trained man capable of cheapening production' must 
necessarily be a well-paid man, and brains and education must be paid 
for commensurate to their value. The New Zealand Institute has done 
much for science in our Dominion, and I look forward with confidence to 
the time when it will lead the way and show that practice and science must 
go together to increase production, and create wealth, to benefit the 
Dominion as well as the farmer and his employee.” 
Section 2.—Geology. 
The Older Gravels of North Canterbury, by R. Speight. 
(This paper will appear in the Transactions.) 
Geological and Palaeontological Notes on the Palliser Bay District, by 
J. Allan Thomson. 
Abstract. 
The Wairarapa limestone, of Waitotaran age, which McKay describes as 
present on the eastern side of the Wairarapa depression from Cape Kidnap¬ 
pers south to Martinborough, does not continue to Palliser Bay. The pro¬ 
bable explanation is that the Haurangi Mountains, consisting of greywackes 
and argillites, represent a block uplifted along a nearly north-south fault on 
their east side, and that the continuation of the limestone will be found 
in the fault-angle to the east. In the Ruakokopatuna Valley, near McLeod’s 
station, along part of which the fault runs, the western side is formed by 
greywackes and argillites, but the eastern by Wairarapa limestone separated 
from the underlying greywacke by a thin bed of greensand. This is the first 
