296 The N.Z. Journal of Science and Technology. [July 
personnel of the Survey. The following statement of yearly expenditure 
on the Survey since 1905 will sufficiently illustrate this, and needs no 
elaboration. 
Financial Year. 
Expended. 
Financial Year. 
Expended. 
1904-5 
£ 
Not known. 
1911-12 
£ 
3,676 
1905-6 
4,611 
1912-13 
4,285 
1906-7 
7,570 
1913-14 
4.017 
1907-8 
9,790 
1914-15 .. 
3.789 
1908-9 
11,726 
1915-16 .. 
3,814 
1909-10 
6,951 
1916-17 
2,897 
1910-11 
5,120 
1917-18 . 
3,116 
For many years previous to 1905 the annual expenditure on geological 
survey was very small. After the appointment of Dr. J. M. Bell as 
Director, at the end of 1904, the Survey was reorganized, and the expendi¬ 
ture rapidly increased until 1909, when there was a sudden check. The 
considerable decrease in expenditure since 1914 is due to war conditions, 
and the observance of a rule that vacant positions were not to be filled 
during the continuance of the war. 
At the present time the Geological Survey is a branch of the Mines 
Department, which is in charge of the Under-Secretary of Mines, the chief 
executive officer of the Minister of Mines. Appointments to the staff 
are made by the Public Service Commissioner in accordance with the Public 
Service Act and regulations thereunder. Practically no differentiation 
between professional and clerical officers is made in respect to conditions 
of employment, promotion, holiday leave, superannuation, &c. It follows 
that those professional men who join the Public Service at the age of 
twenty-five, thirty, or more are at a disadvantage as compared with the 
clerical employees, who begin their official career at the age of fifteen or 
sixteen. 
For many years the Geological Survey was carried on by the statutory 
authority of an Act passed in 1867 “ to establish an Institute for the 
advancement of science and art in New Zealand, and to make provision 
for the carrying-out of the Geological Survey of the colony.” This Act, 
the New Zealand Institute Act, 1867, was repealed by the New Zealand 
Institute Act, 1903, which omits all mention of the Geological Survey. 
Thus the Geological Survey has no statutory functions, though the Director 
is by virtue of the Mining and Coal-mines Acts a member of the Boards of 
Examiners constituted under those Acts. 
Organization and Functions of a Geological Survey. 
The organization and activities of some existing Surveys having been 
described so far as available data permitted, the proper or ideal organiza¬ 
tion and functions of a State Geological Survey in a country like New 
Zealand will now be discussed. 
Owing to the many-sided nature of the science of geology it is clear 
that a Geological Survey staff ought, if circumstances permit, to consist 
of a fairly large number of officers, so that there may be a proper division 
