360 The N.Z. Journal of Science and Technology. [Dec. 
reference may be made when a bibliography of any given subject is desired 
Presumably, if a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research is set up, 
such a staff of abstractors will become necessary in any case to meet the 
needs of those industrialists who have not the bibliographic knowledge 
necessary for the fullest use of modern technological literature. 
As will* be shown below, more than one and as many as three cards 
may be necessary for the same book or paper in the subject catalogue in 
addition to the card under the author’s name. Consequently to supply at 
least four libraries, and probably even more,* a large number of duplicate 
cards will be necessary. It will probably, therefore, be desirable to print 
the cards in a special printing-press attached to the central library, and 
if this is done a number of duplicates can be printed off to meet future 
needs. Part of the expense of printing might be borne by the sale of cards 
on any given subject or industry to individuals or firms interested. 
Such a method of printing a card catalogue is used by the Library of 
Congress in the United States. The cards serve not only for the catalogue 
of the Library of Congress, but are offered for sale at low prices to all the 
libraries in the States, which thus use them for their own catalogues. 
These ideas of co-operation and of division of labour in library-work have 
done much to raise the status of libraries in the United States, and are no 
doubt a factor in the great industrial development which that country 
has experienced. It is high time in this country of vaunted progress 
that similar methods of co-operation were brought into use not only in 
scientific, but in all libraries. 
No special mention of the libraries of the four University colleges has 
been made in the above, but it is obvious that they would gain greatly by 
joining in the scheme. Provision has been made in the suggested cards 
for entering their books. 
Library Classification and Bibliography. 
The aims of library classification and of bibliography are related but 
different. The main aim in library classification is so to classify and mark 
the books in a library that they may be placed on the shelves in the order 
which will bring together the books most nearly related. This has the 
advantage that a reader can easily find by an inspection of the shelves what 
books there are on a given subject without needing to have recourse to 
printed catalogues. It also enables the librarian to find any given book 
with a minimum of effort and to replace in its proper place on the shelf 
any book taken down. It also greatly facilitates the preparation of a 
catalogue if it is desired to print one. 
The aim of bibliography, on the other hand, is to prepare an ordered 
list and subject index of all papers or books that have been published on a 
given subject, whether or not such papers or books are present in any 
particular library, and whether or not such a paper forms a book by itself, 
or is included with other papers in a volume of collected works, or in a 
report or publication of some institution, or in a magazine. 
Scientific men and technologists are in general little interested in library 
classification, but are intimately concerned with bibliography, since the 
first essential in the great majority of researches is to exhaust the previous 
literature of the subject and approach the research with the benefit of all 
previous opinions and discoveries. Nevertheless the question of library 
* The University libraries, the Cawthron Institute, and the public libraries in such 
centres as Palmerston North, Timaru, &c., might wish to file the cards. 
