1920.] Speight.—Broken River Coal Area. 97 
2. Waipara Series. 
I have used this term in the sense in which it is employed by Marshall 
{Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 250, 1919), which is almost the same as that 
in which it was employed originally by Haast and Hutton ; it is still a 
most useful term when discussing Canterbury stratigraphy. 
The beds here referred to include the coal-bearing and associated beds 
belonging to the area. These lie across the edges of the greywackes, the 
contact exhibiting no marked peculiarities except that the upper surface 
of the greywacke had been deeply weathered before the covering beds were 
Fig. 3. —Cliff facing Broken River just above Alum Creek. The beds just above the 
stream are greywacke. Over them lie uneonformably the lower members 
of the coal-bearing series, showing regular stratification, and then those 
whose stratification is irregular. This is clearly visible under the bush-line 
in the top centre of the picture, where the variability in the direction of 
the coal-seams is very marked. The top of the high sandstone bluff is just 
visible in the distance under a fringe of bush. [Photo, B. Speight. 
deposited. The main folding movements which had affected the Maitai series 
had ceased before the deposit of the later beds, although minor movements 
of like nature no doubt recommenced after the close of the later period of 
deposition. The folding, therefore, of the coal-measures is rarely acute, 
and over a large part of the area the deformation is slight. The conditions 
point to the fact that the upper beds were laid down on a fairly flat surface, 
as in nearly every case the lower strata are so inclined as to be approximately 
parallel to the eroded surface of the underlying greywacke, however steep 
7—Science. 
