58 The’ N.Z. Journal of Science and Technology. [April 
nepheline (the latter chemically identified), sparing grains of iron-ore and 
a few flakes of a mineral believed to be aenigmatite. The other, from the 
same district, but nearer the coast, is a nepheline basanite, with large 
olivine crystals in a groundmass showing intersertal structure, composed 
of plagioclase and violet titaniferous augite, octohedral iron-ores, biotite 
flakes, and a colourless groundmass which, is determined as nepheline on 
micro chemical grounds. 
The basalts are : Hyalopilitic and porphyritic olivine basalt (Jensen) 
from Manase, near Safotu, and from Patamea ; pilotaxitic olivine-enstatite 
basalt (Jensen) from Vaipuli, near Matauto ; feldspar basalt (Weber) from 
Olonono, Mauga Loa (very rich in olivine), from Matautu (glassy, with large 
olivines), from Tapueleele (porphyritic, with large olivines), and from Tafua 
(porphyritic, with large olivines). The presence of large phenocrysts of 
olivine and the more or less titaniferous character of the augites in the 
groundmass seem to be characteristic features of the basalts of Savaii. 
Apolima. 
The small island of Apolima, about half-way between Savaii and 
Upolu, has a narrow and tortuous entrance to its boat-harbour, only 
passable by a launch in very fine weather, which unfortunately did not 
prevail when I proposed to visit it. The following information is derived 
from Friedlander’s account. The island has steep profiles, and forms a 
single crater-wall open to the north. The bottom of the crater is only a 
few metres (6-14) above sea-level, and slopes gradually northwards towards 
a small bay closed outside by a coral reef. 
The inner slopes of the wall slope at an angle of 30° to 40°, but the 
outer slopes are considerably steeper (about 60°). They are formed of a 
compact brown palagonite tuff similar to that of Tafua, and apparently 
of submarine origin, since it contains fragments of coral and marine 
molluscs. The tuff contains many boulders of lava—some quite massive, 
others porous. Friedlander surmises that, from the fact that the crater 
is open to the north, some lava issued on this side and is below sea-level. 
Owing to the impervious nature of the tuff, the island has continuously 
running springs and a small stream draining to the north across the 
bottom of the crater. It is this fact which renders the island habitable. 
Weber describes the tuff as palagonite , the glass lapilli being penetrated 
by pores filled with zeolites, calcite, and some sideromelane. There are 
inclusions of large olivines and microlites of augite, but no iron-ores, and 
lapilli of basaltic nature. A dense brownish stone, evidently one of the 
massive boulders mentioned by Friedlander, is described as a nepheline 
basalt, with large phenocrysts of rounded and somewhat serpentinized 
olivine in a groundmass consisting of brown titaniferous augite, some 
biotite and iron-ores, a few needles of apatite, and much nepheline. 
Manono. 
The small island of Manono, 70 m. (230 ft.) high, lies between Apolima 
and Upolu, and is within the barrier reef called Aana, which lies off the 
western end of the latter island. There are two outlying rocks, one of which, 
Nulopa, lying to the west, contains, according to Friedlander, a lava-tunnel 
opening at sea-level. Manono contains no crater, and has a rounded top. 
The steepest slopes are to the north-east, and the island runs out very 
flat to the south-west. This part is mostly composed of coral sand, with 
