374 THE GARDEN-CRAFT OF SHAKESPEARE 
original sense; and Johnson explains it “to cultivate by 
manual labour,” according to its literal derivation. In one 
passage Shakespeare uses the word somewhat in the modern 
sense— 
The blood of English shall manure the ground. 
Richard 1 I } iv. I, 137. 
But generally he and the writers of that and the next century 
expressed the operation more simply and plainly, as “ covering 
with ordure,” or as in the English Bible, “ I shall dig about it 
and dung it.” 
(1) 
(2) 
( 3 ) 
( 4 ) Perdita. 
Polixenes. 
Perdita. 
Polixenes. 
C. Grafting. 
Her royal stock graft with ignoble plants. 
Richard III, iii. 7, 127. 
O Dieu vivant ! shall a few sprays of us, 
The emptying of our fathers’ luxury, 
Our scions, put in wild and savage stock, 
Spirt up so suddenly into the clouds, 
And overlook their grafters ?— Henry V, iii. 5 > 5 - 
His plausive words 
He scatter’d not in ears, but grafted them, 
To grow there and to bear. 
All’s Well that Ends Well, i. 2, 53. 
The fairest flowers o’ the season 
Are our Carnations and streak’d Gillyvors, 
Which some call nature’s bastards : of that kind 
Our rustic garden’s barren j I care not 
To get slips of them. 
Wherefore, gentle maiden, 
Do you neglect them ? 
For I have heard it said 
There is an art which in their piedness shares 
With great creating Nature. 
Say there be ; 
Yet Nature is made better by no mean, 
But Nature makes that mean : so, over that art 
Which you say adds to Nature, is an art 
That Nature makes. You see, sweet maid, we marry 
A gentle scion to the wildest stock, 
And make conceive a bark of baser kind 
