RECKONING OF TIME AMONG THE ROMANS. 1023 
more frequently, by ante diem tertium Calendas, or -arum, etc. Pursuing this process, we find the 14th of January 
(the day after the Ides) denoted by XIX Cal. Febr. or a. d. XIX Cal. Febr. We have now reached the Ides 
( Idus ), which, in dating, take the ablative case ; thus the ides of January are dated Idibus Januariis, or -ii, or by 
abbreviation Id. Jan. Then we have for the day before (the 12th), pridie Id. Jan.; for the day before that, III 
!d. Jan., ora. d. Ill Id. Jan.; and so on to the Nones, or Nan. Jan. The day before the Nones is pridie Non, 
Jan.; the next, III Non. Jan., or a. d. Ill Non. Jan.; the second day of the month, a. d. IV Non. Jan.; the first 
day, Cal. Jan. The following table presents a scheme of the months of January, March, April, and February, of 
the common year. The months of Sextihs (August) and December are like January; May, Quintilis (July), and 
October, like March ; and June, September, and November, like April. 
Current 
Days. 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
13 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
JANUARIUS. 
Cal. Jan. 
(a. d.) IV Non. 
(a. d.) Ill “ 
Pridie “ 
Non. Jan. 
(a. d.) VIII Id. 
(a. d.) VII <' 
(a. d.) VI “ 
(a. d.) V “ 
(a. d.) IV “ 
(a. d.) Ill “ 
Pridie “ 
Id. Jan. 
(a. d.) XIX Cal. 
(a. d.) XVIII “ 
(a. d.) XVII “ 
(a. d.) XVI “ 
(a. d.) XV 
(a. d.) XIV “ 
(a. d.) XIII “ 
(a. d.) XII “ 
(a. d.) XI “ 
(a. d.) X 
(a. d.) IX “ 
(a. d.) VIII “ 
(a. d.) VII “ 
(a. d.) VI “ 
(a. d.) V “ 
(a. d.) IV “ 
(a. d.) Ill “ 
Pridie “ 
Jan. 
a 
a 
Jan. 
a 
a 
ii 
ii 
ii 
ii 
Febr. 
U 
it 
u 
u 
u 
u 
u 
u 
u 
u 
it 
a 
it 
u 
it 
u 
Cl 
MARTIUS. 
Cl 
It 
It 
tt 
Cal. Mart. 
(a. d.) VI Non. 
(a. d.) V “ 
(a. d.) IV “ 
(a. d.) Ill “ 
Pridie “ 
Non. Mart. 
(a. d.) VIII Id. 
(a. d.) VII “ 
(a. d.) VI “ 
(a. d.) V 
(a. d.) IV 
(a. d.) Ill 
Pridie 
Id. Mart. 
(a. d.) XVII Cal. 
(a. d.) XVI “ 
(a. d.) XV “ 
(a. d.) XIV “ 
(a. d.) XIII « 
(a. d.) XII “ 
(a. d.) XI “ 
(a. d.) X “ 
(a. d.) IX “ 
(a. d.) VIII “ 
(a. d.) VII “ 
(a. d.) VI “ 
(a. d.) V “ 
(a. d.) IV « 
(a. d.) Ill “ 
Pridie 't 
Mart 
(6 
tt 
ti 
tt 
Mart. 
a 
cc 
tt 
ti 
it 
tt 
Apr. 
tt 
a 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
a 
it 
a 
a 
a 
a 
tt 
tt 
a 
APRILIS. 
Cal. Apr. 
Cal. Febr. 
(a. d.) IV 
Non. 
Apr. 
(a. d.) IV 
Non. Febr. 
(a. d.) Ill 
It 
tt 
(a. d.) Ill 
ti 
tt 
Pridie 
ti 
tt 
Pridie 
t: 
tt 
Non. 
Apr. 
Non. Febr. 
(a. d.) VIII 
Id. 
Apr. 
(a. d.) VIII 
Id. Febr 
(a. d.) VII 
ii 
tt 
(a. d.) VII 
ti 
it 
(a. d.) VI 
Cl 
tt 
(a. d.) VI 
tt 
ii 
(a. d.) V 
it 
tt 
(a. d.) V 
tt 
ii 
(a. d.) IV 
tt 
tt 
(a. d.) IV 
it 
it 
(a. d.) Ill 
tt 
tt 
(a. d.) Ill 
it 
It 
Pridie 
ti 
tt 
Pridie 
it 
tt 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
(a. d.) 
Pridie 
Id. Apr. 
XVIII Cal. 
XVII “ 
XVI 
XV 
XIV 
XIII 
XII 
XI 
X 
IX 
VIII 
VII 
VI 
V 
IV 
III 
ii 
ti 
tt 
tt 
ti 
tt 
tt 
ii 
a 
Mai. 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
it 
tt 
it 
a 
tt 
tt 
a 
tt 
tt 
FEBRUARIUS. 
Id. Febr. 
(a. d.) XVI Cal. Mart, 
(a. d.) XV “ “ 
(a. d.) XIV “ “ 
(a. d.) XIII “ “ 
(a. d.) XII “ “ 
(a. d.) XI 
(a. d.) X 
(a. d.) IX 
(a. d.) VIII 
(a. d.) VII 
(a. d.) VI 
(a. d.) V 
(a. d.) IV 
(a. d.) Ill 
Pridie 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
a 
tt 
tt 
a 
The practical rule for reducing one of our dates to the Roman calendar is, when the day is between the Calends 
and Nones (unless it be the day before the Nones), to add one to the number of the Nones, and subtract the number 
of the given day: e. g. to find the Roman date of the second of June, we have, 5+1—2=4; so that the date 
lequired is, a. d. IV Non. Jun. When the day is between the Nones and Ides, a similar course is pursued : e. g. 
to find the expression for our tenth of August, we have 13+1—10=4; so that our date is, a. d. IV Id. Sext. (or 
'f the day is after the Ides (unless it be the last day of the month), we add two to the number of days 
in the month, and subtract the number of the given day : e. g. it is required to find the Roman date of the 22 De¬ 
cember; we have 31+,. 22=11; so that the expression is, a. d. XI Cal. Jan. To reduce Roman dates to ours, 
we reverse the process just described, i. e. subtract the number of the Roman day : e. g. Augustus died XIV Cal. 
Sept.. to accommodate this to our calendar, we say, 31+2—14=1.9; so that the date required is the 19th of 
August. When a date is given as under the old calendar, the proper allowance must be made. 
In order to avoid interfering with the celebration of the stated festivals of the year, Caesar inserted his intercalary 
day in February in such a manner that no change was made in the reckoning of the first twenty-three days of the 
month : the last seven days run thus 
23 a. d. VII Calendas Martias ; 
24 a. d. bissextum Cal. Mart.; 
23 a. d. VI Cal. Mart. ; 
26 a. d. V “ “ 
27 a. d. IV Cal. Mart.; 
28 a. d. Ill " “ 
29 pridie “ “ 
