22 
principles of bacteriology 
transmitted by injecting the blood containing these rod¬ 
shaped bacilli into other animals. In 1868, Obermeier 
discovered the spirillum (corkscrew-like bacterium) 
causing the relapsing fever. 
The discovery of the pus-producing bacteria was dem¬ 
onstrated by Koch, Pasteur, Ogston, Rosenbach, and 
others, about 1882. 
In the same year Koch made his epoch-marking dis¬ 
covery of the bacillus of tuberculosis; Koch has also in¬ 
troduced numerous technical procedures which have 
made possible the modern bacteriology. Very many 
pathogenic (from Greek pathos = disease, geunao = to 
give birth to, disease producing) bacteria were discovered 
in the succeeding years, until another epoch-marking 
discovery was made, that of Schaudinn and Hoffmann, 
in 1905, of the Spirocheta pallida—the organism caus¬ 
ing syphilis, one of the most ravaging diseases. 
Within the last thirty years a new branch of bacter¬ 
iology—the science of immunity (resistance to disease) 
or immunology has been created, chiefly through the 
work of Pasteur, Metchnikoff, Roux, Ehrlich, Behring, 
Bordet, and others. 
Our own country has contributed much to the science 
of bacteriology and immunology through the brilliant 
work of such men as Anderson and Rosenau (the work 
on anaphylaxis—increased susceptibility to disease, 
standardization of the diphtheria and the tetanus anti¬ 
toxins, etc.) ; Noguchi (the first successful cultivation 
of Spirocheta pallida, Wassermann test modification, 
etc.); Cole and his associates (the work on the differen¬ 
tiation of the various types of the pneumococcus and the 
successful serum treatment of pneumonia caused by 
Type I); Flexner (the antimeningitic serum); Russell 
(typhoid vaccination in the United States) ; Rosenow, 
