232 
U. S. P. E. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY-GENERAL REPORT, 
ANTHUS, Beehstein. 
Anthus , Bechstein, Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl. 1802, (Agassiz.) Type, Alauda spinoletta. 
Ch.—B ill slender, much attenuated, and distinctly notched. A few short bristles at the base. Culmen concave at the base. 
Tarsi quite distinctly scutellate ; longer than the middle toe ; inner lateral toe the longer. Hind toe rather shorter than the tarsus, 
but longer than the middle toe, owing to the long attenuated and moderately curved hind claw, which is considerably more than 
half the total length of the toe. Tail rather long, emarginate. Wing very long, considerably longer than the lengthened tail, 
reaching to its middle. The first primary nearly equal to the longest. The tertials almost as long as the primaries. 
Of this genus but one species is well established as belonging to North America. Others 
occur in South America, and the rest of the world. 
The following table of measurements shows the proportions of the North American species 
compared with the allied Neocorys: 
Comparative measurements of species. 
Catal. 
No. 
Species. 
Locality. 
Sex. 
Length. 
Wing. 
Tail. 
Tarsus. 
Middle 
toe. 
Its claw 
alone. 
Bill 
above. 
Along 
gape. 
Specimen 
measured. 
7926 
Anthus ludovicianus. 
Tulare Valley, Cal. 
<? 
6.06 
3.26 
2.76 
0.84 
0.74 
0.16 
0.51 
0.68 
Dry. 
328 
<? 
6.58 
3.38 
2.88 
0.91 
0.70 
0.18 
0.51 
0.70 
Drv. 
10087 
6.70 
3.30 
2.76 
0.88 
0.76 
0.20 
0.50 
0.70 
Dry. 
1884 
Neocorys spraguei. 
Fort Union, Neb. 
9 
5.44 
3.12 
2.50 
0.89 
0.84 
0.20 
0.48 
0.66 
Dry. 
ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, Licht. 
Tit Lark. 
Alauda ludoviciana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 793. 
Antlius ludovicianus, Licht. Verz. 1823, 37, no. 421.— Rich. List, 1837.— Bonap. List,- 1838 .—Ib. Conspectus, 
1850, 249.— Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 94.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 40 ; pi. 150. 
Alauda rubra, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 794. 
Alauda rufa, Wilson, Ain. Orn. V, 1812, 89; pi. lxxxix. 
Anthus spinoletta, Bonap. Synopsis, 1828, 90, (not of Linnaeus.)— Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 408 : V, 1839, 449 ; 
pi. 80. —Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 450. 
Alauda pennsylvanica, Brisson, Orn. 
Anthus pennsylvanicus, Zander, Cab. Journ. Orn. Extraheft, I, for 1853, 1854, 63. 
Anthus aquaticus, Aud. Name on PI. x, folioed. 
Anthus pipiens, Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 408 : V, 1839, 449 ; pi. 80. (Young?) 
Anthus rubens, Merrem. (Gray.) 
Sp. Ch. —( Female, in spring.) Above olive brown, each feather slightly darker towards the central portion ; beneath pale 
dull buff, or yellowish brown, with a maxillary series of dark brown spots and streaks across the breast and along sides. Ring round 
the eye, and superciliary stripe yellowish. Central tail feathers like the back, others dark blackish brown ; the external one 
white, except at the base within ; a white spot at the end of the second. Primaries edged with whitish, other quills with 
pale brownish. Length, 6.50 ; wing, 3.45 ; tail, 2.95. 
Hab .—North America generally. Greenland, (Reinhardt.) Accidental in Europe. 
I have no authentic male of this species from the Atlantic States before me, but I am inclined 
to think that it is not materially different. It may possibly be paler and more streaked. The 
second and third quills are longest and equal, the first and fourth little shorter, and about equal 
to the tertials. The tail varies somewhat as to the amount of white, in one specimen the second 
feather having nearly as much as the first. Specimens from the west appear smaller and paler 
than eastern ones, and to have the breast much more streaked, but the materials before me are 
not sufficient to determine whether we have more than one species. 
