876 
U. S. P. R. E. EXP. AND SUEYEYS-ZOOLOGY—GENEEAL EEPOET. 
a short distance towards the hill ; very long, narrow, stiff white feathers on the neck and upper 
part of hack ; shafts of tail feathers black... ...G. penicillatus . 
Dark green ; neck and sides violet blue ; hill slender ; gular sac orange, feathers extending 
upwards upon it from its lower margin half way to the hill; slender white feathers on the neck 
and sides ; shafts of tail feathers black. G. violaceus. 
Phalacrocorax, Brisson. 
GRACULUS CARBO, Gray. 
Common Cormorant. 
Pelecanas carbc, Linn. Sjst. Nat. I, 1766, 216. 
Phalacrocorax carbo, Bon. Syn. 1828, No. 353.— Ib. var. macrorhynchus, Cons. Av. II, 1855, 168.— Nutt. Man. II, 
1834, 479.—Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 458.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 302.— Ib. Birds Am. YI, 1843, 
412 ; pi. ccccxv. 
Graculas carbo, Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1845. 
Phalacrocorax americanus, Reich. Syst. Av. 1850, t. 47. 
“ Phalacrocorax macrorhynchus, Cuv.” Bon. Comptes Rend. XLII, 1856, 766. 
Sp. Cii.—B luish black ; feathers on middle of occiput and hind neck elongated ; gular sac yellow, at the base of which is a 
broad band of white ; linear feathers on the head and neck white; a patch of white on the sides ; third primary longest; tail 
of fourteen feathers. 
Jldult. Plumage in general black, glossed with greenish blue ; the feathers of the upper part and sides of the back and wing 
coverts are dark ash, with bronzed reflections, and bordered with greenish black; primaries and tail feathers greyish black, 
secondaries greyish brown ; bare space around the eye dull olive, under the eye red ; the gular sac yellow, encircling the lower 
part of which is a broad band of white ; numerous linear filamentous white feathers are distributed over the head and neck; on 
the side over the thigh is a patch of elongated linear white feathers ; upper mandible greyish black, with the edges yellowish 
white, lower dusky yellowish white at the base ; iris bluish green ; eyelids with dusky margins; tarsi, feet, and claws greyish 
black. 
Length, 37 inches ; wung, 14 ; bill, 3.50 ; tail, 6.50 ; tarsus, 2.25 ; outer toe and claw, 4.25 ; inner, 2.90 ; hind, 1.90. 
The female resembles the male, but is smaller. 
Hab. —Labrador, and along the coast as far south as New Jersey in winter. 
The hill is strong and powerful, the ridge is smooth, hut the sides of both mandibles are 
rugose. 
These birds are abundant on the coast of Labrador, where large numbers assemble for the 
purpose of reproduction, forming their nests upon the inaccessible ledges of rocky cliffs. 
Their mode of flight is swift and strong. Their food is obtained by diving and pursuing it 
beneath the surface, where they make rapid progress by the aid of their wings. 
List of specimens. 
Locality. 
Whence obtained. 
Orig. 
No. 
Collected by— 
Stretch 
of wings. 
Wing. 
Cab. G. N. Lawrence_ 
1029 
J. J. Audubon_ 
40. 00 
14. 00 
