147 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
The art teaches the hands to do —the science what to do, and how to 
do. Art is the sail which propels the ship,—science the compass which 
directs her course. Without the Sail, the ship will not “ go ahead;” 
without the compass, her course will be erratic, and the profits of the 
voyage doubtful. With sail and compass, her progress will be “on¬ 
ward,” her course direct, and her voyage prosperous. 
WINTER STALL FEEDING, 
Is the only profitable mode, in this climate, of fattening cattle for the 
shambles in winter. Were they suffered to roam the yard and field, 
exposed to the wet and cold, it is very evident they could take on flesh 
but slowly, and but illy compensate the owner for the expense of high, 
keeping. A certain quantity of food is required to prevent their grow¬ 
ing lean; all beyond this it is the design of the feeder to have manu¬ 
factured into meat and tallow; or as Bakewell was wont to say, con¬ 
verted into money. It is all important on the score of profit, that this 
process of converting herbage and other animal food into money, should 
be managed as expeditiously as a well judged economy will permit. 
Upon this, as upon every other branch of husbandry, we may profit 
much from the experience of others, if we are not too conceited and 
fastidious in our own opinions. Young says, that “ men farm without 
an idea of the necessity of knowing what others have done before them; 
and it is very right that thousands of pounds should be lost, by feeding 
beasts in open sheds, by men who think they can learn nothing beyond 
the practice of the old women, their grand mothers, while the board of 
agriculture has annually brought to light practices unknown to the same 
men who cannot see any use in such publications. 
As to the relative advantages, in the economy of feed, of having fat¬ 
tening cattle tied up, we have the declaration of Mr. Ellman, well 
known as a distinguished herdsman, “that nine oxen, fed loose in a 
yard, have, by eating as well as destroying, consumed as much as 
twelve when tied up.” Although much may be said in favor of keep¬ 
ing cows and store cattle, in covered sheds, instead of close stables, 
there is no doubt but fattening beasts thrive best when constantly con¬ 
fined in a warm stable, when proper attention to cleanliness is observ¬ 
ed. We abstract the following rules, regarding the management of 
stall feeding cattle, from the 12th No. of British Husbandry: 
“The first point is the comfort of accommodation ; for in whatever 
way they may be placed—whether under sheds or in close ox-houses, 
they should have the security of perfect shelter from the weather, with 
a certain degree of warmth; that is to say—if in open trammels, the 
sheds should be broad, the roof low, and the floor covered with an 
abundance of dry litter. We are, however, decidedly of opinion, that 
close stalls will further the objects more promptly; though we do not 
coincide with the idea, that it will be promoted by too much heat, and 
we should therefore recommend a moderate degree of healthful venti¬ 
lation. In these stalls litter is, indeed, very frequently dispensed with, 
—or else sand, or any rubbish, is substituted for straw, but there can 
be no doubt that the animals enjoy the comfort of a dry bed as well as 
their master, and the more they seek repose in it the better. 
“The next is strict regularity to the administration of food—both as 
regards the stated quantity, and the time of supplying it. The periods 
may be regulated as the feeder thinks proper, but, whenever adopted, 
should never be afterwards altered. The ox is a quiet animal, and 
those which are fed in the house soon acquire a precise knowledge of 
the exact hour at which it is usually given; if that be transgressed, or 
the customary quantity be not furnished, they become restless ; but if 
the time and quantity be strictly adhered to, they remain tranquil un¬ 
till the next period arrives. If no disturbance take place, they, indeed, 
then generally lie down and ruminate, and nothing will be found 
more to forward the process of fatting than this perfect quietude; 
wherefore, should the stalls be not only well bedded, but light should 
be very much excluded, the doors should be closed, all outward annoy¬ 
ance as far as possible prevented—and, in short, every means should be 
induced to promote complete rest, ease and contentment. 
“ Some persons serve it out as often as five times in a day ; but the 
most prudent, and we think the better practice, is to give it as soon as 
possible after day-light, at noon, and sometime before sun-set; which 
enables the animals to fill their bellies, and to have time sufficient for 
that quiet digestion which is interrupted by too frequent feeding. In 
stating that the quantity should, be moderate, we however allude merely 
to the not allowing the animal to have so much as will cloy him; he 
ought to have as much as he can fairly eat with a relish, but the mo¬ 
ment he begins to toss it about, it will be then evident that the keen¬ 
ness of his appetite is satisfied, and it should be instantly removed. 
“ The last is thorough cleanliness. The ox-house should be opened 
before day-light, and well cleaned, both by pail and broom, from every 
impurity. After the animals have been satisfied with food, whatever 
may remain should be immediately removed, and the cribs and man¬ 
gers should be carefully swept out, and washed, if necessary: water 
should then be given without limitation.” 
As to the food, we will add, that fatting animals should have, in win¬ 
ter, grain, or roots, or oil-cake. Beef cannot profitably be made on hay 
alone. In Great Britain, where they boast of their beef, turnips are 
generally employed; in the United States the coarse,grains are mostly 
used. As our turnip culture progresses, and progress we are confident 
it will, we shall be able to make cheaper, if not better beef. Assuming 
that GOO bushels of Swedish turnips will grow upon an acre of ground 
that will produce thirty-five bushels of corn, and that six bushels of 
the Swedes will fatten as much as one bushel of corn, it will be seen 
that one acre in ruta baga will go about as far in making beef as three 
acres in corn, with the further advantage, that the latter will cost four 
times as much labor in its culture as the former. Now we give an in¬ 
stance, in another column, of the Swedes yielding more than 1,500 
bushels to the acre, and the opinion of an intelligent feeder, that two 
bushels are worth as much, for feeding, as one bushel of corn. The 
mangold wurtzel, the carrot and the parsnip, may be all raised in field 
culture, at about the same expense per acre as corn; and they will 
give as great a yield, and afford as much nutriment as the ruta baga. 
The potato, whose culture we are all acquainted with, should be made 
to yield 300 bushels per acre; and these afford a far more profitable 
feed than grain. A bullock will consume from 120 to 240 lbs. of ruta 
baga per day; but if full feed with this or other roots they will consume 
but little hay, and have little or no occasion for water. 
We shall abstract from the work above quoted, in due time, some 
remarks upon summer stalling, or soiling. 
MANUAL LABOR SCHOOLS. 
“It is essential to every system for giving a liberal education to all 
classes, that it should include the means of inuring the people to ma¬ 
nual labor. By this labor the multitude must subsist. An education 
unfitting them to work, would make their future lives useless and dis¬ 
honorably dependent.” * * * “ It is by manual labor schools, that this 
great achievement of civilization and philanthropy is to cease to be a 
dream, is to become a reality. In no institutions have the laboring 
classes such an interest A philanthropist who desires the happiness 
and honor of giving the most effectual spring to social progress, cannot 
better employ himself, than in studying, improving and extending 
these.”— -Rev. Dr. Charming upon Education. 
It is conceded on all hands, that it is important, as well for the pecu¬ 
niary interests, as for the moral habits and good order of society, that 
a better system of instruction, than 1 now exists, should be provided for 
the great classes of the laboring community: That instruction should 
no longer he merely mechanical, and limited to the rudiments of know¬ 
ledge, and confined to the superficial rules of the pedagogue,--but that 
the faculties and powers of the mind should be developed, and directed 
to the ultimate good of society;—that our boys should be taught so 
much of the physical sciences, now become the handmaids of the arts, 
as will benefit them in their trade or business, and “ enable them to 
comprehend the phenomena which are continually passing before then- 
eyes ;” that they should be instructed in their social and political duties 
—be made acquainted with our history, government and laws, and in¬ 
structed in the responsibilities that devolve upon them as citizens of a 
free state. In fine, that their minds should be so disciplined in 
school, as to make them proficients in their business of life, and 
wholesome, useful members of society. 
And it is also important, as regards the mass of population, that the 
hands be taught and inured to labor. The habit must be formed in 
youth. Practice alone makes perfect; and besides, few resort to labor 
in manhood, who have not been practised to it in youth. The time of 
youth is too short to admit of separate and distinct periods for improv¬ 
ing the mind, and instructing the hands. The .grand desideratum, 
therefore, would seem to be, so to blend study and labor, in the busi¬ 
ness of instruction, that they shall not interfere with, but aid and sti¬ 
mulate each other. To do this successfully, the study and the labor 
should have, generally, a common object. In no country can this pro¬ 
position of rendering study and labor reciprocally beneficial to each 
other, and of imbuing the minds of youth with useful knowledge, be 
as readily adopted as in our own. The mass of population, whose con¬ 
dition we would improve, are farmers and mechanics. And experience 
has fully shown, that if we would improve the condition of the habits 
of any class, or of society at large, we must begin our work with the 
young, who are to be managers on the business stage of life. It is ea¬ 
sier to bend the pliant twig than the stuborn bough. 
Our remarks apply particularly to the business of agriculture, which 
gives employment to five-sixths of our population, and which mainly 
depends, for its future improvement, upon the measure of general and 
scientific knowledge which shall be brought to direct its labors; while 
this class of our population, from its numerical force, must ever deter¬ 
mine our, general character—whether we regard the social virtues,— 
or our political and moral standing as a nation. This class of our 
youth may, at least, be greatly behefitted in practical knowledge, while 
they are acquiring a good education at school. 
That well conducted farms, connected with schools of instruction, and 
under the direction of competent, scientific and practical men, would 
tend eminently to improve our agriculture, we think no one will ques- 
