THE CULTIVATOR. 
31 
enough for their roots to gather food from below, and for their stems 
and branches to have the full benefit of the sun and air above ground. 
In the cares of the garden and farm, let no one forget, at this 
season, to plant shade and ornamental trees about his house and 
court yard. They will add much to his personal comfort, much to 
the beauty of his mansion, and much to the intrinsic value of his 
estate. ________ 
ITALIAN AND SIBERIAN SPRING WHEAT. 
There seems to be two kinds of spring wheat of great repute in 
Oneida county, the Italian and Siberian, which we have till now 
supposed to be identical, and which circumstance led us in our last 
to denominate the whole Siberian wheat. The kind noticed by Mr. 
Hathaway, is alledged to have come from Florence, and is called 
Italian. We have received a sample from Dr. Goodsell, of Utica,, 
said to have come from Switzerland, which is denominated Sibe¬ 
rian. So that although we supposed that there was but' one Dro- 
mio, it turns out that we have aDromio of Ephesus and a Dromio 
of Syracuse—a new wheat from Siberia and a new wheat from 
Italy. We have samples of both before us, and find there is a 
marked difference between the two. The Siberian is the largest 
berry, and the dullest color. The Italian the smallest and bright¬ 
est grain. 
The character of the Italian wheat has been already given by 
Mr. Hathaway. That of the Siberian we derive from Dr. Good- 
sell, of Utica. It is prolific, the Doctor’s Siberian having given a 
third greater product than his common spring wheat; and one of 
his neighbors considers its product double. Mr. Tower,, near 
Deanville, as we are advised by a gentleman from that pla.ce, rais¬ 
ed 160 bushels on four acres last summer. It makes a heavy re¬ 
turn in flour—Dr. Goodsell having obtained 50 lbs. 6 oz. from a 
bushel —2 lbs. 6 oz. above the standard of good winter wheat. It is 
believed it will escape the ravages of the grain worm, from the cir¬ 
cumstance of its being a late , variety—a gentleman from Rensse. 
laerville, who has raised it, assuring us that it ripens very late.— 
Both kinds are in great demand, and have been purchased up at $3 
per bushel. Our neighbor Thorburn, the seedsman, has procured a 
few bushels of the Italian, at an expense of about $4.50, and 
sells it at $5. We intend to try both kinds. 
j Brooks’ Silk Spinner ancl Twister, deserves a further notice from 
our hands, because we think it ranks among the most useful improve¬ 
ments of the day, and is calculated greatly to facilitate our progress 
in the silk business. Letit be remembered, that very little instruc¬ 
tion is required to qualify a woman to use it 5 that it is equally 
adapted to the fabrication of sewing silk, twist, or to a thread for 
any required fabric, and that it produces all these, as far as we can 
judge, in a perfect manner. Now the question is, what will it 
earn, in a silk family, or a silk neighborhood l For now-a-days, 
profit is the great desideratum. In this matter, we shall speak on 
the authority of the patentee, a very unassuming, intelligent, and, 
we believe, honest member of the society of Friends, or Quakers. 
He says it is a moderate day’s work to spin and twist half a bush¬ 
el of cocoons into sewing silk, and that the fair average product 
of these cocoons would be 175 skeins of sewing silk, worth now, 
at wholesale price, five eents the skein- The highest price of co¬ 
coons is $4 per bushel. Assuming these data, and basing our cal¬ 
culation upon five bushels of cocoons, which a family of girls may 
easily produce every year, let us see what would be the gain 
which would accrue to this family in five years, from the use of 
this machine. 
The 25 bushels of cocoons would produce 8,750 skeins 
silk, worth five cents at wholesale,.$437 50 
From which deduct the wages of a woman, 50 days, at 50 
cents,...$25 00 
Add cost of machine,. 35 00 
And it makes a total of . 60 00 
And leaves a profit of.$377 50 
The highest price at which cocoons sell is $4, which 
would be, for the 25 bushels,. 100 00 
$277 50 
Which shows a profit, in buying and using this machine, over 
selling the cocoons,in the small quantity of 25 bushels, of $277.50. 
This would require the labor of a woman only ten days in a year, 
or 50 days in the five years. The remainder of the time, to any 
extent required, might be as profitably applied, in working up the 
cocoons of the neighborhood, of the town, or of the county; and 
the value of the machine would be yet but little impaired by these 
earnings ! Every silk district should have one of Brooks’ machines. 
FARM ACCOUNTS. 
The Dutch, celebrated as well for their prudence as their thrift, 
have a maxim, that “ no one is ever ruined who keeps good accounts.” 
The maxim is so generally revered, that we find the manufacturer , 
the merchant, and the lawyer generally adhering to its suggestions, 
and keeping accurate accounts of their receipts and expenditures. 
Those in these employments who do fail, either neglect the pre¬ 
caution, or are reckless of the consequences'of failure.; for if they 
are conscious, as all should, be, that they live within their income, a 
failure will seldom occur. The rule applies' with equal force, to 
the farmer. If he keeps an accurate account of his receipts and 
expenditures, he knows what are his resources—what the profit 
of loss of his business—at the close of every year;—he can gra¬ 
duate his family and other expenses accordingly, and if he cannot 
command success, he can merit it, by a course of industry and 
economy, which will never fail to secure him friends in time of 
need. 
By keeping accounts, the farmer is able to ascertain the adapta¬ 
tion of his farm to particular crops,, or kinds of stock; to deter¬ 
mine upon the relative advantages of each,, and to vary them ac¬ 
cording to circumstances. The keeping of accounts has a moral 
effect. It prevents procrastination, the “thief of time.” The 
very consciousness that a man has to make entries of every thing 
that he does, keeps his attention alive as to what he is to do; and the 
act of making those entries, is the best possible training to produce 
active and pains-taking habits. 
Keeping farm accounts is an incumbent duty to our children. It 
teaches them business habits—makes them acquainted with the na- 
ture and value of.property, of various kinds—inculcates lessons of 
industry and prudence—and gives a value and a zest to the comforts 
and pleasures wliich are the reward of their personal cafe and in¬ 
dustry. 
We have met with no form which we deem suited to the condi- 
tion of our farmers. But of such high importance do we consider 
the keeping of farm accounts, that we venture to recommend a 
model, sensible, however, of its imperfections, and would respect¬ 
fully beg of gentlemen more competent than ourselves in the matter, 
to favor us with a better plan, 
We will take for our illustration, a farm of 100 acres. Of this, 
a diagram or map is to be made, each subdivision numbered, and 
its contents, in acres, noted.' The objects of keeping a journal 
may be one or all of the following:— 
1. To ascertain the nett annual profits of the entire farm; 
2. The profits of each crop, or field, or course of crops; 
3. The profits of each species, or of the entire farm stock, and 
4. The expenditures and income of the family. 
The farm is charged with all expenditures made for its improve¬ 
ment and culture, including stock, labor, board, dung, taxes, new 
implements, interest On its estimated value, ten per cent for wear 
aiid tear on old implements and tools. And it may, in like man¬ 
ner, be credited with all its annual products, whether sold or con¬ 
sumed in the family—and with the increased value of its stock, 
improvements, &c. 
If it is desired to know the profits of a field for a single year, or 
during a course of crops, the labor, dung, seed, &e. expended up¬ 
on it, should be charged to it; and it should be credited with the 
products, whether grain, grass or pasture. 
■ Where it is desired to know the profits upon stock generally, 
or upon a particular kind, this head may be charged with purchas¬ 
es and keep, and credited by sales of animals, increased value and 
products, as butter, cheese, wool, meat, &e. sold or consumed in 
the family. 
The fourth object is one of interest to every prudent manager, 
who would observe the golden rule, to live within his income. A 
knowledge of one’s actual income, and of the expenditures of his 
family are essential in every well ordered household. The family 
account should exhibit the total expenditures for the family, whe¬ 
ther for food, clothing, pleasure, furniture, schooling, &c. and tho 
labor of the family upon the farm, and the board of the workmen, 
and interest and dividends u.pon vested capital. 
