THE CULTIVATOR. 
33 
winds by cross-ploughing, until they have become perfectly rotten 
The gaseous matters which dung gives off while undergoing fer¬ 
mentation, always rise, because they are lighter than atmospheric 
air. They enrich the soil, and afford food to plants, because they 
have already formed a necessary part of plants. Hence, if fer¬ 
mentation takes place on the surface, these gaseous matters are 
scattered and lost; if in the soil, the earths and moisture retain 
them there, and the plants feed upon them. 
Fig. 4. 
THERMOMETERS. 
Fahrenheit’s is used in Great Britain 
and in the United States. In it, the' 
range between the freezing and boiling 
points of water is divided into 180 de- 
f rees; and as the greatest possible 
egree of cold was supposed to be that 
of producing snow with muriate of so¬ 
da, it was made the zero, herice the 
freezing point became 32°, and the 
boiling point 212 °. 
The Cenlrigade thermometer places 
the zero at the freezing point, and di¬ 
vides the range between it and the 
boiling point, into 100°. This has 
long been used in Sweden, under the 
title of Celsius’ thermometer. 
Reaumur’s thermometer is generally 
used in France. It divides the space 
between freezing and boiling of wa¬ 
ter into 80°, and places the zero at the 
freezing point. 
As reference is often made to Reau¬ 
mur’s scale, and sometimes to the Cen- 
trigade, in foreign authorities, the rea¬ 
der is often puzzled to determine the 
corresponding degree upon Fahren¬ 
heit’s scale. To aid in this, and as a 
matter of easy reference, we subjoin 
the three scales of Fahrenheit, Reau¬ 
mur and Celsius. 
To the young and others not ac- ««„ 
quainted with the thermometer, it may f \ ( \ 
be well to remark, that it consists of a K-J V-/ 
graduated glass tube, containing quicksilver, which ascends in 
the tube by the expansive force of heat; that when water freezes, 
the quicksilver rises to 32° in Fahrenheit’s scale; and that when 
water boils, the mercury rises to 212°. 
The first on the left of the cut, is Fahrenheit’s, the centre the 
Centngade, and that on the right, Reaumur’s scale. 
FARM IMPLEMENTS. 
The introduction of labor-saving farm implements is so essen¬ 
tial to agricultural improvement, and the inquiries for them of us 
ivt 6 S mi” U ! ner0U o t ^ at we sub j°i n a list of several now on hand by 
Mr. I horburn. Seedsman, with their prices. Orders may be either 
forwarded to Mr. T. directly, or, when more convenient, through 
the Conductor of the Cultivator. 
Straw Cullers —Green’s* and the Columbian,* each $30. 
^Culhvalors-Bement’s* $10 to $15; Van Eergen’s* $13; Craig’s* 
. Drill-Barrows—Robbins’* $15; Bement’s* $8 to $10 ; Mer- 
chant s* $3. 
Ploughs —Wiley & Conklin’s, $4.50 to $ 8 . 
Harrows—Craig’s* angular, $13.50 to $15.50 the pair. 
Horse Rake —Pudney’s revolving* $ 6 . 
Corn Shelters—^ Adriance’s cast iron $15 ; Gregory’s double $16. 
"t fP° , Spinner and Twister* for families, $35. 
$100 S 7 hres]lln g Machine* $45; with horse power from 75 to 
Melish’s Vegetable Root Culler , $10 
Italian Spring Wheat $5 per bushel. 
He receives orders for Concklin’s Press Harrow. j* price $100, 
packed for transportation, and for Wilson’s Mowing Maclvtne* 
Cultivator thlS mark haVG b6en fi S ured and described in the 
PUBLIC ADVANTAGES TO BE DERIVED FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF 
AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL. 
We make the following extract from the Farmers’ Register, to 
advertise the public of the kinds of instruction which it is intended 
shall be given in the contemplated School of Agriculture, and to 
show some of the public benefits which are expected to result from 
its establishment. The article, it will be perceived, is from the pen 
of our esteemed friend, Dr. J. P. Beekman, of Kinderhook. 
“ To develope, however, more fully, what we conceive will be its proba¬ 
ble practical effects upon the fitture increase of our agricultural products, I 
must acquaint you with what is intended, to be taught in this institution. 
First, mathematics —the science which contemplates whatever is capable of 
being numbered and measured, so far as it leads to a correct knowledge of 
practical mechanics, the application of the principles of power, and land 
mensuration. Second, chemistry —the science which enables us to dis¬ 
cover the peculiar properties of all natural bodies, either in their simple or 
compound state, so that we can analyze the different kinds of soils, ascertain 
wherein they differ, and, if possible, in what the principles of fertility con¬ 
sist, and what must be added, or taken away, to make barren or unpropi- 
tious land more productive. The doctrine of manures cannot be under¬ 
stood without a knowledge of chemistry; and it is a subject so extensive 
in its application to farming purposes, that it must become the A B C of 
the farmer’s education. Geology, and, if necessary, mineralogy, so as to 
discriminate bet ween the different kinds of substances the eariji is com¬ 
posed of, that we may have a correct knowledge, not only of what the 
surface of the soil consists, but what is buried beneath it. Botany —.the 
science of plants, or that part of natural history that relates to vegetables, 
that we may ascertain their different uses, discriminate the exhausting 
plants from those which are not so much so—the locations most favorable 
to their growth—the seasons for their production and reproduction—their 
laws of generation—the'alternation that ought to be observed for the best 
development of their powers—so that whatever plant we cultivate, it will 
be the most perfect and*valuable of its kind. Entomology, or more pro¬ 
perly, grubology —to ascertain the kind, nature and variety of insects that 
prey upon, destroy or injure our corn, wheat, turnips, fruit, &c. with a 
view to their protection or destruction. 
“ The principles of industry are to be instilled, and the most regular and 
systematic manner of farming practised. A correct moral deportment in- 
culcated.both by example and precept—early rising and cleanliness pro¬ 
moted—in short, the practice of every virtue insisted upon and most sedu¬ 
lously maintained, whilst idleness and vice must receive no countenance. 
So, that when young men graduate from this institution, their minds shall 
be well stored with all the information that relates to* the peculiar business 
of farming, their hands taught to give efficiency to the knowledge they have 
acquired, and their habits formed to give stability to their characters, and 
make them most useful members of society. In enumerating the studies 
to be pursued, I may not have been sufficiently select or paiticular—my 
object is to give, only a genera! outline of the plan, which, when hereafter 
put in practice, will be more carefully and systematically ananged. 
“ Suppose such an institution to contain two hundred students, and a 
course of studies to last three years. It would send each year near seven¬ 
ty young men, so educated, into the different sections of the state. Their 
knowledge of theoretical and practical farming would be generally diffus¬ 
ed; and continue this number for many successive years, it would give 
thousands of the best farmers, scattering: them through every portion of 
the state. And here fet me ask, who is so much of a skeptic as not to 
believe that agricultural knowledge would not be increased by so great an 
accession, and in consequence, agricultural products be prodigiously mul¬ 
tiplied? But this is not all; our school would not only send her missiona¬ 
ries of intelligence and industry through the state, but all her operations, 
so far as competent professors could discharge their duty of instructing or 
experimenting—of collecting, comparing and examining—of all that was 
most familiar or rare—ornamental, usesul or profitable, in each of their 
peculiar departments—in a short time we would have a farm and collec¬ 
tion, w 7 hich would vie in extent and appearance, and much exceed in use¬ 
fulness, the far-famed gardens of London or Paris. 
“ Probably, at no time in the history of our state, could an agricultural 
school be founded under better auspices for ultimate success, than at pre¬ 
sent. By the establishment of agricultural journals, a taste for that kind 
of reading has been Created; our citizens are alive to farther improve¬ 
ments, for they have heretofore felt the want of any. The efforts made 
and making to give a more thorough school education to our population— 
the ability of our citizens to contribute whatever may be required to carry 
the obj ect into effect—the easy transmission of produce through every por¬ 
tion of our state, by our rivers, roads, canals and rail-ways—the facility of 
communication w r ith New-York, one of the, best markets in the world— 
all are so many aids to the successful completion of the plan. 
“ Should this school go into operation, and carry out the great principles 
of its founders, the time will, must come, when every citizen will be 
proud of it as a state institution; when those who have been its friends 
will gladly come forward and claim the honors to which they will be enti¬ 
tled, and the present state authorities will take a pride to date its com- 
