90 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
the squash and pumpkin. Others, which are intended to endure the win¬ 
ter in the egg state, are placed on more permanent parts. Example: the 
tent caterpillar, which infests our fruit trees. Its eggs are deposited in a 
dense cluster, around the extremity of a branch. 
Numerous insects pass the larva state in the water. The eggs of these 
are deposited immediately in the water, or on plants, &c. along its mar¬ 
gin. Example: the musquito and dragonfly. 
Carrion flits deposit their eggs in putrid carcasses, the proper food for 
the maggot. Yet, even instinct may be beguiled by the senses. The 
cairion fly is often led, by the smell, to deposit its eggs in decaying mush¬ 
rooms; and they may even be seen collected upon the stinking blossoms 
of the carrion flower, smilax herbacea. 
The butt fly unerringly selects such parts of the horse as allow its eggs 
to be licked off by the animal—whence, they find a ready passage into the 
stomach, where they complete the first period of their murderous exis¬ 
tence. 
Led by the same instinct, the ichneumon fly deposits its eggs in the 
body of a living caterpillar, which, after feeding the hungry parasites with 
its own body, falls at last, a prey to their voracity. 
Many species of insects are only preserved during the winter, in the 
egg state. 
PUPA OF INSECTS. 
The insect having completed its larva state, seeks a situation to pass 
the next succeeding period, according to its pectdiar nature. Many, es¬ 
pecially those of the moth tribe, spin for themselves a silken dormitory. 
Others, as the larva of butterflies, attach themselves to the side of a wall, 
fence,~&c. and pass into the pupa slate without any other than their own 
proper covering. 
Many larvae bury themselves in the earth, where they form a cell adap¬ 
ted to their purpose. In some of these, the pupa state is of short continu¬ 
ance—in others, it endures for the winter season. Of this last, the to - 
bacco worm is an example. 
Many species are only found during the winter season, in the pupa 
state. 
PERFECT STATE. 
The last state of insect existence—the state of perfection—the only 
state in which the being can reproduce its kind—like the preceding sta¬ 
ges, is subject to great variety of duration. Some never eat in the per¬ 
fect state; they only propagate and die. Others, feed fora time, but 
seem to have no other object in living, than to await the proper period of 
reproduction. 
Many insects only survive the winter, in the perfect state. 
There is, in general, much uniformity in the duration of the periods 
and changes of all the individuals of the same species. 
The egg deposited in the fall, may hatch in the spring, pass its several 
periods during summer, and in turn, lay other eggs in the proper season. 
Example: tent caterpillar. 
The egg deposited in summer, may hatch in the fall, pass the winter in 
the larva state, perfect its changes in the spring, and deposit its eggs the 
ensuing summer; these hatch, and the larvae remain the next winter.— 
Example: peach insect. 
An insect having passed the winter in the pupa state, emerges in the 
spring, a perfect being—deposits its eggs, which hatch, perfect themselves 
and in the fall pass into the pupa state to spend the ensuing winter. Ex¬ 
ample: tobacco loorm. 
The perfect insect may survive the winter—lay its eggs in the spring— 
these hatch, and pass their several changes during the summ r, ready to 
pass the succeeding winter in the perfect state. Example: wasps. 
Others, less regular in their changes, seem to pay no further regard to 
season, than what severity compels them to do. At whatever stage of 
life winter overtakes them, they still seem capable of its endurance. 
Still others, whose periodical changes are of shorter duration, may re¬ 
produce their kind several times in the year. 
New Garden, 3d mo. 8th, 1837. 
AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 
At a meeting of the American Institute of the city of New-Yorlc, held at 
Clinton Hall, in said city, on the 18th day of May, 1837, it was 
Resolved, 1st. That the present condition of our commercial commu¬ 
nity generally, is that of the most painful embarrassment, and that the 
distress is rapidly extending to all the other occupations and departments 
of productive industry, and that thousands of our most industrious and 
useful citizens have been dismissed by their employers, and their wages, 
the sole reliance for their daily food, their clothing and habitations, have 
within a few days been entirely cut off. 
2d. That it is of vital importance, that the causes of this wide-spread 
distress should be early and fully understood, so that remedies, as far as 
practicable, may be provided for existing evils, and preventives to guard 
against future evils. 
3d. That in the opinion of this institute, the multitude of discordant 
views promulgated, in relation to the causes of our present disastrous con¬ 
dition, have led to popular errors, that have in a measure turned the pub¬ 
lic mind from the accumulating debt in favor of foreign nations, which 
the repeal of countervailing protective duties has swelled against us, 
which is now pressing on our banks, and incapacitating them from admi¬ 
nistering relief to their suffering customers. 
4th. That the only way to correct the public mind, and restore confi¬ 
dence, regularity and prosperity, is by the dissemination of correct know¬ 
ledge among the people, as to the prominent causes of our embarrassment, 
and by producing a general concert of action in applying suitable reme¬ 
dies. 
5th. It was also Resolved, That a general convention of representa¬ 
tives from all the productive portions of our country, without distinction 
of parties, for the purpose of a full and candid exchange of sentiments, 
and a thorough investigation of cause and effect, and concert in action, 
would greatly conduce to a favorable state of things, and, it is hoped, 
hereafter may prevent the recurrence of those evils with which we are 
now visited; and that it be recommended, that the said convention be 
held at Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, on the first Tuesday 
of August, 1837. at 10 o’clock, A. M. and that it consist of business men, 
selected from the productive classes, and that they continue, by adjourn¬ 
ment, to meet until the desired object be attained. 
6th. It was further Resolved, That, as the American Institute was in¬ 
corporated to encourage agriculture, commerce, manufactures and the 
arts, in this state and the United States, it is peculiarly appropriate, that 
it should recommend and forward such measures as are calculated to ad¬ 
vance the great interests of industry, and produce a sound and healthy 
state of things; and especially on occasions like the present, when the 
! banks acknowledge their inability to supply the requisite circulating me- 
jdium, and every occupation is experiencing the most intense suffering. 
I 7th. It was finally Resolved, That, in order to render this convention 
; effective, and procure a full representation of business men, delegates be 
invited from all the states—the cotton growing as well as the grain growl¬ 
ing, manufacturing and commercial—from cities, counties, towns and ag- 
! ricultural societies, incorporated manufacturing and mechanic associations, 
| as well as rail-road and canal companies, and that a committee be appoint¬ 
ed on behalf of this institute, to consult with the friends of national in- 
[dustry, and solicit the concurrence of all those friendly to the foregoing 
j objects; and that meetings be held at an early day, to elect delegates to 
[respond to this recommendation; and that suitable papers be prepared 
■ and published, in order to give publicity to the convention and its objects, 
and to impress on all interested the necessity of general attendance, con¬ 
cert, and co-operation. 
JAMES TALLMADGE, President. 
Edwin Williams, Recording Secretary. 
T. B. Wake man. Corresponding Secretary. 
OUTLINE OF THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF HORTICULTURE. 
BY JOHN BINDLEY, F. R. S., &C. &C. 
stem —( Continued from page 75.) 
61. Some stems are developed under ground, such as the tubers of the 
potato and the cormus of the crocus; but they are known from roots by 
the presence of leaves, and regular leaf-buds upon their surface. 
62. Stems increase in diameter in two ways. 
63. Either by the addition of new’ matter to the outside of the wood 
and the inside of the bark; when they are exogenous ; ex. oak. 
64. Or by the addition of new matter to their inside; when they are en¬ 
dogenous; ex. cane. 
65. In exogenous stems, the central portion, which is harder and darker 
than that at the circumference, is called heart-wood; while the exterior, 
which is softer and lighter, is called alburnum or sap-wood. 
66. The inside of the bark of such stems has also the technical name 
of liber. 
67. The heartwood was, when young, alburnum, and afterwards chang¬ 
ed its nature, by becoming the receptacle of certain secretions peculiar to 
the species. 
68. Hence the greater durability of heart-wood than of sap-wood.— 
While ihe latter is newly formed empty tissue, almost as perishable as 
bark itself, the former is protected against destruction by the introduction 
of secretions that become solid matter, which is often insoluble in water, 
and never permeable to air. 
69. The secretions by which heart-wood is solidified are prepared in 
the leaves, whence they are sent downwards through the bark, and from 
the bark communicated to the central part of the stem. 
70. The channels through which this communication takes place are 
called medullary rays, or silver grain. 
71. Medullary rays are plates of cellular tissue, in a very compressed 
state, passing from the pith into the bark. 
72. The wood itself is composed of tubes consisting of woody fibre and 
vascular tissue, imbedded longitudinally in cellular substance. 
73. This cellular substance only developes horizontally; and it is to it 
that the peculiar character of different kinds of wood is chiefly due. 
74. For this reason the wood of the stock of a grafted plant will never 
become like that of its scion, although as will be hereafter seen (IV.) the 
woody matter of the stock must all originate in the scion. 
