204 
Plate 
XXVI. Windsor “buds,” on Mahaleb. Tlic Mahaleb stories were treated 
7 times in 1891 witli Bordeaux mixture and tlie “buds” were 
treated (3 times in 1892 with Bordeaux one-third strength. Sit¬ 
uation, Row T, near west end. 
XXVII. Windsor “buds.” on Mahaleb. Similar to those in Plate xxvi, 
but untreated both in 1891 and 1892. Situation, Row I, near 
east end, showing defoliation by Cylindrosporium. 
XXVIII. Early Prolific “buds,” on Myrobolan. The Myrobolan stocks 
were treated 7 times in 1891 with Bordeaux and the “buds” 
were treated (5 times with Bordeaux one-third strength in 1892. 
Situation, Row III, west end. 
XXIX. Early Prolific “ buds,” on Marianna. Similar to those in Plate 
xxviii, but untreated both in 1891 and 1892. (The difference 
of stocks upon which budding was done made no difference 
as regards the leaf-blight; hence the fact that the “buds” in 
Plate xxviii were on Myrobolan stocks and in Plate xxix 
were on Marianna does not affect the comparison.) Situation, 
Row IV, east end. 
EXPERIMENTS WITH FUNGICIDES IN THE REMOVAL OF LICHENS 
FROM PEAR TREES. 
By M. B. Waite. 
(Plates XXX, XXXI.) 
While conducting experiments in the large Bartlett pear orchard 
near Scotland, Ya., on the James River, owned by the Old Dominion 
Fruit Company, the abundance of lichens on the trees attracted atten¬ 
tion. Below are given a few notes on their occurrence, and some obser¬ 
vations on the effects of Bordeaux mixture and other fungicides upon 
them. 
Lichens are not ordinarily regarded as injurious to the trees on which 
they grow. They are epiphytic rather than parasitic, many species 
living on old fences and rocks, as well as on the bark of trees. Orcli- 
ardists are more apt to regard them as injurious than botanists, the 
former generally looking upon them as obnoxious. The fact that vari¬ 
ous washes have been recommended to be used on fruit trees against 
the lichens as well as the insects they foster, is some evidence of this. 
Scraping the bark of the trees has also been recommended for remov¬ 
ing these pests. 
Lichens seem to attack most severely trees which are not in a vigor¬ 
ous condition. Trees not well fed, and weakened by leaf-blight or 
other fungous diseases, foster them better than healthy trees and no 
doubt become still further weakened by their load of lichens. The 
question of course arises: Is the tree made less thrifty by the lichens or 
is it infested witli lichens because it is not thrifty? At any rate trees 
badly infested are usually weak trees, inferior to the general average 
of the orchard, and present a very ragged appearance. The presence 
