2 66 
At tlie suggestion of Mr. Galloway, Bordeaux mixture was tried for 
this purpose, applied with a whitewash brush. This treatment was 
entirely successful against the lichens. The strength used was double 
that of the old formula, or 6 pounds of copper sulphate and 4 pounds 
of lime in 11 gallons of water. The mixture was applied to about two- 
thirds of the trees March 10. A storm of rain and snow freezing on 
the trees stopped the work, but the remaining trees were painted three 
or four days later. In using the mixture we had some little difficulty 
in wetting the lichens by means of a brush. It was slower painting a 
tree covered with fringe-like lichens than one with smooth bark. Ten 
minutes was found to be a rather short time to cover one of these small 
trees. Probably two minutes would suffice for thoroughly wettiug the 
same trees with a sprayer, although a more dilute mixture would have 
to be used. 
It was evident at the time of making the applications that the mixture 
was taking effect. A few minutes after being wet with the mixture the 
lichens assumed a greenish, ochraceous color, quite different from their 
normal grayish tint. On visiting the place again on April 8 examina¬ 
tion showed that the lichens were all dead. The fruticose and foliaceous 
forms were drooping and shriveled, while all were colored a yellowish 
or brownish tint (see Plate xxxi). During the spring further oppor¬ 
tunities occurred for observing the effect of Bordeaux mixture on lichens, 
while spraying trees in the same orchard for leaf-blight and other fun¬ 
gous diseases. Por this purpose the diluted formula (6 pounds of copper 
sulphate and 4 pounds of lime in 50 gallons of water) was used. Al¬ 
though no special effort was made to spray lichens with the mixture, it 
was found that whenever thoroughly wet with it they were killed. The 
weak Bordeaux turned them yellow in the same way as did the strong 
mixture painted on the trees. On the foliaceous forms, whenever a few 
tiny drops of the spray struck, the yellow spots resulting were plainly 
visible. Probably the best way would be to use the regular old formula 
for Bordeaux and apply it with a sprayer when any considerable number 
of trees are to be treated, unless it should be demonstrated that the 
more dilute Bordeaux is equally effective. 
EXPERIMENTS WITH OTHER FUNGICIDES. 
The satisfactory results with Bordeaux mixture led to the belief that 
eau celeste might be still more effective. This fungicide is more cor¬ 
rosive to the leaves of higher plants, and is in solution, so that it can be 
absorbed by a lichen. It was also thought desirable to test different 
strengths. For this purpose eau celeste was made up according to the 
original formula, and dilutions made of part of this by adding 2,3, and 5 
parts of water to I part of the mixture. Fach strength of the fungicide 
was sprayed upon the lichen-covered trunks of 3 trees until the 
lichens were wet. A branch of foliage on each tree was also sprayed fo: 
