283 
dospores); monomorphism, dimorphism, pleomorphism; Mechanical 
arrangements ’'for liberating the spores: The loosening of the conidia 
from each other and from their supports—the expulsion of conidia, 
sporangia, and fruit-forming organs—the liberation of endospores from 
the sporangia of the Pliyeomycetes—the ejaculation of spores from 
asci—liberation of conidia from pycnidia—liberation of ascospores 
from the non-ejaculatory Ascomycetes. 
Chapter nr, in 20 pages, treats of Cell structure: The membrane 
thickenings—foldings—differentiations—chemical nature—physical na¬ 
ture; plasma; cell division. Cell formation: Free cell formation; cell 
division. Union of cells into systems (tissues): Cell threads—cell sur¬ 
faces—cell masses—hyphal tissues—fusion formation (fusion tissue). 
Chapter iv, in 109 pages, treats of The Chemical composition: 
Inorganic; organic—carbohydrates—vegetable acids—aromatic acids 
(tannins, acids of lichens)—fats—setherial oils—resins—colors (yel¬ 
low or yellow-red oleaginous colors, i. e ., lipochrome)—colors not due to 
lipockrome—reds—greens—blues and blue greens—violets—browns— 
combinations with each other and with other substances—the distribu¬ 
tion of particular colors—change of color—glycosides—plant bases (alka- 
loides)—cholesterin—albumen. Foods: Inorganic—organic — composi¬ 
tion and combinations—chemical reactions. Transformation , storage , 
secretion: Ferments (enzymes)—inverting—starch dissolving—para- 
mylum dissolving—cellulose dissolving—peptonizing—fat splitting— 
chitin dissolving; resin like bodies and mtherial oils; colors arid chro¬ 
mogenes; secretion of albumen arid peptone; secretion of sugar ; oxalic 
acid; other acids; ammonia; water. Respiration; fermentation (split¬ 
ting—oxidation); splitting up of food materials; production of heat; 
production of light. Influence of external forces on growth, fructifica¬ 
tion, etc.: Light—temperature—mechanical movement—atmospheric 
pressure. Phenomena of movement: Heliotropism—hydrotropism— 
geotropism—movements due to contact—rheotropism—chemical irri¬ 
tation—electrical irritation—nutation—hygroscopic movements. Life 
activity and life injuring agents: Extremes of temperature—removal 
of water—insolation—poisons. Mechanical means of hilling or hinder¬ 
ing development. 
Chapter v, in 57 pages, treats of the Biology of fungi , under the 
following heads: Saprophytes ; Parasites: The transportation of in¬ 
fectious fungus germs; means and way of infection; choice of host— 
choice of organ; effect of parasitism in plants and animals—hypertro : 
phy—metamorphosis—production of new growths—pseudomorphosis 
and mummification—destructive action; a glance at the diseases of men 
and animals due to fungi—invertebrates, vertebrates—fishes—birds— 
mammals—man ; battle of the animal cells and tissues with the pene¬ 
trated fungous cells. Symbiosis: The enemies of fungi—enemies of 
molds—of Saprolegniaceae—of rust fungi—of Hyphomycetes—of As¬ 
comycetes. Duration of life . 
