358 
mounted on two large iron wheels, with a third and smaller wheel m 
front as a support. It is supplied with a good brass force pump cap¬ 
able of throwing two sprays. It may be drawn either by hand or by 
a horse directly attached, or it may be placed in a light one-horse 
wagon. The last arrangement raises the head of liquid, and enables 
the cart to be easily drawn in soft or plowed ground. A fair-sized 
orchard can be thus treated with little loss of time. 
If the trees to be sprayed are large (G years old or older), and 
especially if the orchard be extensive, it is well to have a special tank. 
The horizontal wooden tank, resembling a cylinder, but narrowed 
toward one end, is now considered by many the best pattern made, 
although somewhat more expensive than the rectangular box tanks. 
It is, however, much less liable to leak, and is especially suited to keep¬ 
ing its contents well stirred.* 
From the fact that the rust fruits mostly on the under surface of the 
leaves, as well as from a study of the habits of other fungi in this 
region,! it appears probable that infection of the host occurs in most 
*For those who may desire to construct a tank of this description, measurements 
are given of the one owned and used by Mr. Leslie in his treated orchard. It is 
intended to rest on a platform placed upon the holsters of a common lumber wagon, 
and supported and kept from rolling by transverse scantling made concave above. 
The length of the side of the tank is 9 feet 8 inches. Its diameter at the small head 
is 27 inches inside measure, and 31 inches outside measure. At the large end the 
inside diameter at the head is 31 inches, and the outside measure 35 inches. This 
diameter allows the tank to fit Avell between bolster stakes, which are 3 feet apart. 
The heads of the tank set back 3 inches from the ends of the staves. The staves are 
made of 2-inch dressed plank about inches wide at the broad end and narrowed 
toward the small end to about 4 inches, and are all beveled on the edge. Six bands 
of iron are hsed as hoops, which are A by 2 inches. Oue is placed opposite each 
head and the other four at equal distances between them. This tank holds, approxi¬ 
mately, 300 gallons, and by placing it so that its upper surface is level the tank may 
be completely filled; thus arranged, the last of the fluid it contains will flow to the 
large end, where all may be pumped out by the force pump situated there. The 
tank is filled through an opening 12 by 16 inches, supplied with cover and screen, 
located at the center of the tank. Near the bottom of the large head is a bung for 
cleaning out. The force pump is firmly fastened to the top and near the large end 
of the tank, and the suction pipe reaches nearly to the bottom. The pump should 
be strong, double-acting, furnished with large air chamber to insure an even flow, 
and is usually of the piston pattern. Brass fittings or a brass pump are preferable 
to those of iron. Arrangements should be made for dividing the discharge pipe by 
the attachment to its ends of separate lengths of hose. The hose should bo of 
good quality and each piece should be about 25 feet long. Thus equipped, two 
trees may be sprayed on each side of the wagon before it is moved. The free end 
ot each hose should be attached to a brass pipe 6 or 7 feet long, and carrying the 
nozzle at its extremity. Iron pipe corrodes too easily with the copper sulphate 
mixtures, and, being heavier, the work done with it is not apt to be as satisfactory. 
t See observations on the habits of Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. in this Journal 
(vol. vn, No. 2, p. 69). This parasite is shown to affect almond branches to a much 
greater extent upon the lower than upon the upper surface. The more favorable 
conditions of humidity below the branch, there assigned as the partial cause, would 
apply equally well in the present case. 
