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thrown out laterally*. Where the spray is thrown directly ahead from 
the workman, especially if small trees are being treated, or if there be 
a wind, much of the spray passes beyond the tree. Besides this, the 
under surface of the foliage is not so perfectly sprayed as it could be 
by the use of a nozzle throwing a lateral spray upward toward the 
under surface of the leaves, or downward upon their upper surface. 
The application is thus made directly to the leaf surface to be treated 
and little loss of material or time is sustained. With those having a 
large number of trees to spray, this saving is of prime importance. 
There should always be a swivel in the pipe to which the nozzle is 
attached. This allows the easy turning of the pipe while spraying the 
interior of the top of the tree, and the spray is sent in all directions 
without withdrawing the pipe. Where it is not absolutely necessary 
to use eau celeste, corrosion of the nozzles will be avoided by the use of 
aminoniacal copper carbonate. This spray, besides being nearly or 
quite as effective as the modified eau celeste and lacking the corrosive 
action on nozzles and other metallic fittings, has the advantage of not 
showing to an obvious extent upon the treated fruit. The eau celeste 
is often discernible upon the prunes at the time they are gathered. 
The following are the formuhe for making aminoniacal copper car¬ 
bonate and modified eau celeste: 
Aminoniacal copper carbonate .—In a wooden pail place 5 ounces of copper carbonate, 
soften the carbonate to a paste by the addition of a little water, add 3 pints of strong 
ammonia (26°), and stir until the carbonate is dissolved. If it will not wholly dis¬ 
solve add sufficient ammonia to accomplish that result. Pour into a barrel holding 45 
or 50 gallons and fill the barrel with water. 
Modified can celeste .—Dissolve 4 pounds of copper sulphate in a wooden vessel con¬ 
taining 10 or 12 gallons of water, and afterwards stir in 5 pounds of sal soda. When 
the soda is dissolved pour in 3 pints of strong ammonia (26°) and dilute to 45 gallons 
with water. 
As already indicated, the Leslie orchard, which was sprayed with 
modified eau celeste, presented the most evident beneficial results seen 
in any of the orchards treated. This, it is believed, was not due to 
any superiority of eau celeste over ammoniacal copper carbonate, 
but to the early and more marked development of the disease in that 
orchard than in the others. It has been shown during the past summer, 
in a carefully conducted series of experiments in combating the shot- 
hole fungus of the almond (Gercospora circumscissa ), that modified eau 
celeste and ammoniacal copper carbonate possess almost exactly equiv¬ 
alent value as fungicides. This being true, there are several reasons 
why the amoniacal copper carbonate is to be preferred for this work: 
(1) It costs much less than the other spray; (2) it is less liable to injure 
the foliage, and does not seriously affect the nozzles and other metal 
appliances used in spraying; (3) spotting of the fruit and foliage is 
much less distinct than that caused by modified eau celeste; (4) it is 
easier to prepare. 
