392 
the eonidia are borne. From this it is but a short step to mycelium, 
bearing eonidia anywhere on its surface, a common occurrence in the 
Carpoasci. From simple forms like these the conidial development can 
be traced through coremia and more complex stroma-beds into its 
highest specialization, the closed fruit bodies known as pycnidia. 
Pycnidia are sympliogenetic or meristogenetic according as they are 
pseudoparenchymatous, i. e., developed from a hyplise complex, or pro¬ 
duced by ordinary cell division, a common method in many cases. 
Between these two extremes are numerous intermediates. Free conidi - 
opliores, as well as conidial fruits, bear, as a rule, only one sort of 
spores, but sometimes, as in Diaporthe, the last produced may be of a 
different shape from the first. Suceedaneous spore formation is regarded 
as a lower type than simultaneous, because the latter is more restricted. 
Chlamydospores appear in the Carpoasci in two forms, viz, as true clila- 
mydospores and as oidia, but neither one is very common. Although 
the ascus is the highest type of fructification in this group, it is rela¬ 
tively the rarest. Often the fungus reproduces itself for many generations 
without developing asci, and for this reason many eonidia and chlamy¬ 
dospores have been classed among the fungi imperfectly the free conid- 
iopliores, as Hyphomycetes; the eonidia beds as Gymnomycetes; and 
the pycnidia as Sphaeropsidise, Cytisporacem, and Pliyllostictacese. In 
many cases an exact determination of their place in the natural classi¬ 
fication is possible only when identical forms are obtained from aseo- 
spores by artificial cultures, but the constant occurrence of two forms 
together renders their genetic connection probable. A great number of 
the Carpoasci live parasitically on algae, forming lichens. The most of 
these are Pyrenomycetes and Discoinycetes. In some lichens the alga 
forms the greater part of the thallus; in others, the fungus. Ascending 
from simple to complex forms, the Carpoasci are classified into (1) Gym- 
noasci, (2) Perisporiaceae, (3) Pyrenomycetes, (4) Hysteriaceae, (5) Dis¬ 
comycetes, and (G) Helvellaceae. Sixty-five pages are devoted to the 
Hemiasci and Ascomycetes, each one pregnant with new views or inter¬ 
esting observations; but some of the most important statements are to 
befound in the last part of the book, dealing with the second or conidial 
series of the higher fungi. Here divergence from earlier views of classi¬ 
fication is the most pronounced. 
This series fruits exclusively by eonidia. Beginning with certain 
Zygomycetes, the evolution of the conidial fructification can be traced 
step by step through the Hemibasidia into the Basidiomycetes, where 
it reaches the highest stage of development by the conversion of the 
indefinite conidiopliore into the definite basidium. Chlamydospores 
occur in the Hemibasidia as well as in the Hemiasci, but while in the 
Protomycetacem the chlamydospores always growout into a sporangium; 
in the Hemibasidia they grow out exclusively into conidiophores. All 
Hemibasidia have two kinds of spores, eonidia and chlamydospores. 
The latter are constant and are the most striking spore forms, which is 
