395 
ceeding from simple to complex, the Gasteromycetes are subdivided 
into (1) Tylostomea}, (2) Sclerodermise, (3) Lycoperdiacese, (4) Hymeno. 
gastreae, (5) Nidulariacese, (0) Sphaeroboleae. 
The Phalloideae constitute a highly specialized group. In all of them 
a hymenophorous-cliambered tissue, the gleba, develops within a closed 
envelope, the volva, which is ruptured at maturity by the upward 
pressure of a rapidly elongating special sporophore, the receptacle. 
This bears on its surface the one-celled basidia, which in turn bear the 
spores at their apex on very short sterigmata. Most species are tropi¬ 
cal and not well known. The group is divided into (1) Clathraceae and 
(2) Phalloidem. 
The book is dedicated to Dr. Brefeld, and ends, as it begins, with a 
general discussion of the relationships of fungi and a scheme of classi¬ 
fication, which is here reproduced. 
VON tavel’s outline of a natural system of the fungt. 
I.—Alga-like fungi. 
Phycomycetes, with a one-celled thallus and sexual organs. 
1. Monoblepharidepp. Antlieridia and oogonia in 
the form of sporangia; 
nonsexual sporangia. 
Class I. —Oomycetes. 
Sexual fructification in oo¬ 
spores; nonsexual in spo¬ 
rangia and conidia. 
f Peronosporeie. 
9 J Ancylisteae. 
'j Saprolegniacere. 
t ?Chytridiacea>. 
Antlieridia reduced; oogo¬ 
nia as sporangia; nonsex¬ 
ual sporangia or conidia. 
3. Entomophtliore;e. Both antheridia and oogo¬ 
nia reduced; nonsexual 
conidia. 
Class II .—Z y g o- 
mycetes.. Sexual 
fructification in zy¬ 
gospores; nonsexual 
in sporangia and 
conidia. 
1. Exosporangia. 
1. Mucorinem. 
Thaumidne. 
Sporangia only. 
2. Choanephoreai. Sporangia a n d 
conidia. * 
3. Chsetocladiacese. Conidia only. * * 
Piptocephalide;e. 
}. Carposporan- , ( Rhizopese. 
• A. J- A Tt • \ H T_ ±- !.. 1 U 
gia. 
I Mortieiellaceie. 
II.— Higher fungi. 
With septate thallus and without sexual organs. 
MESOMYCETES. 
(Intermediate forms connecting with the lower fungi through the Zygomycetes. 
Group relationships are indicated by asterisks, etc., corresponding to the termini 
of lines used by von Tavel.) 
Class III. —Ilemiasci. Fructifica- f I. Exo-hemiasci.* t 
tion by sporangia and conidia; 
(II. Carpohemiasci. * 
1. Ustilaginese.t t t 
sporangia asci-like. 
Class IV. —Hemibasidia. Fructifica¬ 
tion by conidia; nosporangia; con-<( 9 Tni i i i j 
• ^ > i • t • i I 1 111C r l d- 1 • I 
ldiopliores basnlia-like. * 
1. Ascouleae. 
Protomycetes. 
* * t t 2. Thelebolese. 
Conidiopliores Proto- 
basidia like. 
Conidiopliores Autoba- 
sidia-like. 
