39 6 
MYCOMYCETES. 
I. Exoasci. t 
Asci free. 
Class r.—Ascomycetes. Fruc¬ 
tification by sporangia and 
couidia; sporangia deter¬ 
minate, i. e., asci. 
II. Carpo- 
asci .ft ] 
Asci in fruit j 
bodies. { 
1. j Endomycetes. 
( Taphrinese. 
S Gymnoasci. 
Perisporiacese. Angiocarpous. 
Pyrenomycetes. 
( Hysteriaceai. 
3. • Discomycetes. Hemiangiocarpous. 
( Helvellacese. 
Class VI. —Basidiomy- 
cetes. Fructification 
by conidia; no spor¬ 
angia; conidiophor- 
es determinate, i. 
ie., basidia. 
I. Protobasid- 
iomycetes. < 
t t t 
Basidia 
septate, > 
II. Autobasid- 
iomycetes. 
t t t't < 
Basidia not 
septate. 
( Uredinese. 
’ j Auricularise. Gymnocarpous. 
2. Pilacrete.^ Angiocarpous (in both groups 
the basidia are divided crosswise). 
3. Tremellinere.^ § Basidia divided length¬ 
wise, gymnocarpous. 
4. Dacryomycetes. Gymnocarpous. § § 
5. Gasteromyctes. Phalloide®. Angiocar¬ 
pous. § 
6. Hymenomycetes. Gymnocarpous and 
liemi-an gi ocarpous. 
The book certainly deserves a wide reading, and students who are 
not thoroughly familiar with German will be glad to know that an 
authorized translation into English is now in preparation and may be 
expected during the year. —Erwin F. Smith. 
Ward, H. Marshall. The Diseases of Conifers. < Jour. Koyal Hort. 
Soc., vol. xiv, Oct., 1892. London, pp. 124-150 (in report of the coni¬ 
fer conference held at Chiswick Gardens, October 7 and 8, 1891). 
This pleasant, popular paper discusses two classes of diseases, those 
due to fungi and those due to disturbing actions of the inorganic 
environment. The pines, firs, larches, junipers, and other conifers are 
taken up seriatim. Most of the facts presented have already been 
recorded, but for the general reader the paper has the great advantage 
of bringing together the scattered literature and presenting the main 
facts in a salient, suggestive way. 
The premature shedding of pine needles is ascribed to several distinct 
causes: (1) Sharp frosts or nights so cold that the still tender foliage 
is chilled beyond recovery; (2) active transpiration when drought has 
removed the moisture from the soil, or in warm, sunny tveather when 
the ground is frozen hard; (3) the action of various fungi, e. g., Hys- 
terium pinastri , which is said to be one of the most prevalent and diffi¬ 
cult to deal with. 
Some general remarks on nonparasitic diseases of pines are worth 
quoting in full on account of their suggestiveness, but we must be con¬ 
tent with the following: 
Speaking generally, the pines require light, open, and well-drained soils, as deep 
as possible, and many aspects of disease are due to the nonfulfillment of these 
conditions. 
Unquestionably one of the worst of these dangers results from clogging of the 
soil at the roots, whether due to wet clay, stagnant water, the covering up or hard¬ 
ening of the surface, e. g., by means of pavements, etc., or other processes. 
